1. Leave granted. We have heard earned counsel on both sides.

2. Prior to 12-12-1993, the appellant had initiated the process of selection to various posts in the appellant university. The U.P. Public Services (Reservation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes) Act, 1994 (4 of 1994) (for short "the Act") came into force with effect from 22-3-1994. By operation of Section 1(2) the Act came into force from 11-12-1993, i.e., the date on which Ordinance was issued. Section 2(c) of the Act defines "public services and posts" to mean the services and posts in connection with the affairs of the State and includes services and posts in clause (iv) which is as under.

"2. (c) (iv) an educational institution owned and controlled by the State Government or which receives grants-in-aid from the State Government, including a university established by or under the Uttar Pradesh Act, except an institution established and administered by minorities referred to in clause (1) of Article 30 of the Constitution;" *

3. Section 3 of the Act envisages reservation in favour of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes, at the stage of direct recruitment; the following percentage is prescribed therein

"3. (1)(a) in the case of Scheduled Castes 21 per cent

(b) in the case of Scheduled Tribes 02 per cent

(c) in the case of Other Backward Classes of citizens 27 per cent." *

4. Section 4 of the Act casts responsibility on, and gives power to specified officers for ensuring compliance of the provisions of the Act. The State Government may, by notified order, entrust the appointing authority or any officer or employee with the responsibility of ensuring compliance of the provisions of the Act. It is not in dispute that the State Government had issued a Notification dated 5-5-1995 entrusting the responsibility for implementation of the provisions of the Act, in relation to the appointment in services and posts in the university, on the Vice-Chancellor. Thus, the Vice-Chancellor is empowered and made responsible to implement the provisions of the Act.

5. Section 6 gives power to the Government to call for the records and direct enforcement of the provisions of the Act. It reads thus

6". Power to call for record. - If it comes to the notice of the State Government, that any person belonging to any of the categories mentioned in sub-section (1) of Section 3 has been adversely affected on account of non-compliance of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder or the Government orders in this behalf by the appointing authority, it may call for such records and take such action as it may consider necessary."

6. Section 15 which is relevant for the purpose of this case is as under.

"15. Savings. - (1) The provisions of this Act shall not apply to cases in which selection process has been initiated before the commencement of this Act and such cases shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of law and Government orders as they stood before such commencement

Explanation. - For the purpose of this sub-section the selection process shall be deemed to have been initiated where, under the relevant service rules, recruitment is to be made on the basis of -

(i) written test or interview only, the written test or the interview, as the case may be, has started, or

(ii) both written test and interview, the written test has started

(2) The provisions of this Act shall not apply to the appointment, to be made under the Uttar Pradesh Recruitment of Dependent of Government Servant Dying in Harness Rules, 1974." *

7. It is not in dispute that on the basis of the aforesaid implementation of the provisions of the Act, in February 1995, fresh advertisement came to be made for appointment of two Readers in Chemistry. On a representation made by the respondents, the Chancellor, exercising the powers under Section 68 of the UP. State Universities Act, 1973, by order dated 6-6-1995 gave directions to the Vice-Chancellor to appoint the respondents as Readers in the Chemistry Department. On receipt of the above direction, on 15-6-1995, the Vice-Chancellor by the letter to the Chancellor (Governor) on the same date sought guidance as to how in the face of the Act, the directions issued by him could be implemented. The Chancellor had referred the matter to the Law Department for opinion and the above communication was sent to the appellant on 8-7-1995. The respondents filed the writ petition on 17-7-1995 for a mandamus to implement the directions issued by the Chancellor dated 6-6-1995. The respondent filed the counter-affidavit pleading the above facts. The Governor, exercising the powers under Section 6 of the Act, cancelled the appointments made in respect of other persons who came to be selected and appointed in violation of the Act. It would appear that those affected persons filed the writ petitions in the High Court which are pending disposal. We make it clear that we are not concerned with the above cancellation in this appeal. Therefore, that controversy is kept at large.

8. The only question is whether the Chancellor (Governor) is right in directing the appellant to appoint the respondents to the post of Reader in the Chemistry Department of the Allahabad University It is already seen that the Act has come into force with effect from 11-12-1993. Shri Sharan, learned counsel for the respondents, has contended that since the process of selection starts by screening of the candidates eligible for consideration by the Selection Committee, the process could be said to have started prior to the coming into force of the Act and, therefore, all the selections and appointments should be made in accordance with the law applicable prior to the coming into force of the Act. We are unable to agree with the learned counsel. The legislative intention is clear from Section 15(1) that the provisions of this Act shall not apply to cases in which selection process has been initiated before the commencement of the Act. Initiation of the process of selection has been explained in the Explanation thus.

"For the purpose of this sub-section the selection process shall be deemed to have been initiated where, under the relevant service rules, recruitment is to be made on the basis of -

(i) written test or interview only, the written test or the interview, as the case may be, has started..." *

9. It is not in dispute that in this case, the process of selection to the post of Reader involves only interview. The object seems to be to assess the merit of the candidates through an interview which was started on and from 12-12-1993. Thereby, the process of selection was initiated after the Act had come into force without applying the provisions of sub-section (1) of Section 3 of the Act. Therefore, the process of selection and preparation of merit list was in violation of the provisions of the Act. The Governor while acting as Chancellor, discharged statutory duty under Section 68 of the University Act in his ex officio capacity. When he acts under the Act, he exercises his constitutional function under Article 163 with the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. In the latter capacity, the order of the Chancellor issued under Section 68 was cancelled as it was in violation of the Act.

10. In Shankarsan Dash v. Union of India ( 1991 (3) SCC 47 [LQ/SC/1991/253] : 1991 (L&S) 800 : 1991 (17) ATC 95 : 1991 (2) SCR 567 [LQ/SC/1991/253] ), on the basis of combined examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission for appointment civil services, the appellants name was kept in the select list for appointment to Group B Police Service. The vacancies arose for subsequent year and though he was occupying higher rank in the general category, the Government did not appoint him. They implemented the policy of appointing candidates in the lower rank belonging to reserved categories and the vacancies which arose for general candidates were not filled up. He filed an application in the Tribunal for direction to appoint him to the post. The Constitution Bench held that even if vacancies are notified for appointment and adequate number of candidates are found fit, the successful candidates do not acquire any indefeasible right to be appointed. On appeal, it was held that the notification inviting applications for recruitment is merely an invitation to qualified candidates to apply for recruitment. On their selection, they do not acquire any vested right to the post unless the relevant recruitment rules so indicate; the State is under no legal duty to fill up all or any of the vacancies. However, the State has to act fairly. The decision not to fill up the vacancies has to be taken bona fide for valid and cogent reasons. The State is bound to respect the comparative merit of the candidates reflected in the relevant test and no discrimination is permitted in that behalf. However, mere selection does not create any right to appointment. It was held that the appellant therein had not acquired any right to be appointed against the vacancies arising later on the basis of any rules. Therefore, it was held that he was not entitled to be appointed. This Court also held that there was no arbitrariness whatsoever on the part of the State in not filling up the vacancies. The process of final selection was held to have been properly undertaken as it was decided not to fill up any vacancy arising subsequently. The ratio therein applies to the facts in this case on all fours. In State of A. P. v. T. Ramakrishna Rao ( 1972 (4) SCC 830 [LQ/SC/1971/655] ) the Constitution Bench had held that an applicant seeking appointment does not acquire any right by merely applying for the post either under the rule or otherwise on being selected for the post. Therein, the facts were that Rule 5 of the A. P. Subordinate Service Rules made under Articles 234 and 237 read with proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution was declared ultra vires. After making amendment to the said rules, recruitment was made. The applicants/ respondents who had applied earlier, challenged the subsequent recruitment. The Public Service Commission intended to make recruitment to the existing vacancies under the amended rules, while setting aside the earlier notification, on the basis of the written as well as oral test. This Court held that common examination for all the vacancies would not violate Article 16 of the Constitution. In that behalf, the above ratio came to be laid. In State of Haryana v. Subash Chander Marwaha ( 1974 (3) SCC 220 [LQ/SC/1973/190] : 1973 (L&S) 488 : 1974 (1) SCR 165 [LQ/SC/1973/190] ) the facts were that under the Punjab A Civil Service (Judicial Branch) Rules, recruitment was made to the posts of Subordinate Judges. The Rules prescribed 45% as the qualifying marks in aggregate. A list under Rule 10 was prepared of the candidates who secured 45% or more marks in aggregate. After the list was published in the Gazette, the Government was bound to make the selection of the candidates strictly in the order given in the lists, and intimate the selection to the High Court. When vacancies were to be filled up, the High Court was to send in the names in accordance with, and in the order given in the list for appointment. The appellant selected the first seven who had secured more than 55% marks and above in the first instance. The respondents who secured less than 55% marks and ranked 8th, 9th, and 13th in the list filed a writ petition on the ground that 15 vacancies were existing and that they were entitled to be appointed as per the list prepared by the Public Service Commission. Though that contention found favour with the High Court, this Court held that a mandamus could be issued only to compel an authority to do legal duty under a statute and the aggrieved party must have a legal right under the statute to enforce its performance. Mere inclusion of his name in the list does not give any right to a candidate to be appointed to the post of Subordinate Judge. The mere existence of a vacancy does not give a legal right to a candidate for appointment. It is open to the Government to decide as to how many posts appointment shall be made. The mere fact that a candidates name appears in the list will not entitle him to mandamus that he be appointed. The appeal was accordingly allowed. The ratio therein was approved by this Court in Shankarsan Dash case ( 1991 (3) SCC 47 [LQ/SC/1991/253] : 1991 SCC(L&S) 800 : 1991 (17) ATC 95 : 1991 (2) SCR 567 [LQ/SC/1991/253] ). In Union Thrritory of Chandigarh v. Dilbagh Singh ( 1993 (1) SCC 154 [LQ/SC/1992/779] : 1993 SCC(L&S) 144 : 1993 (23) ATC 431) a Bench of three Judges, following Shankarsan Dash case had held that the selected in the list is not entitled to appointment. Mere inclusion in the list will not confer on him a reason and was not arbitrary. In Nagar Mahapalika v. Vinod Kumar Srivastava ( 1987 (1) SCC 602 [LQ/SC/1987/85] : 1987 (3) ATC 25 : 1987 AIR(SC) 847) the Government issued a memo superseding all the circulars and a cancelling the select list made for appointment. The High Court issued mandamus directing that the previous list would first be exhausted and until then no fresh recruitment would be made. This Court by a Bench of two Judges reversed the mandamus and held that the list which was currently in force for one year would be valid and all the lists made earlier were not intended to be revived under the circular. Accordingly, the appeal was allowed and the order was set aside. The mandamus issued by the High Court was reversed and the list for the current year, viz., 1978, was sustained. In N. T. Devin Katti v. Karnataka Public Service Commission ( 1990 (3) SCC 157 [LQ/SC/1990/195] : 1990 SCC(L&S) 446 : 1990 (14) ATC 688 : 1990 AIR(SC) 1233) the Public Service Commission notified on 23-5-1975, inviting applications from in-service candidates for recruitment to 50 posts of Tehsildars. Para 3 of the notification specified details of the posts reserved for candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes including posts set apart for ex-military personnel. In case of non-availability of sufficient number of candidates for reserved categories, vacancies were to be filled up as per rules in force. Subsequently, notification was issued amending the pre-existing Rules, 1966. Para 11 of the amended notification provided that in the matter of reservation already made in the case of posts and services for which advertisement had been issued prior to the coming into force of the Government Order dated 9-7-1975 the Governments directions would be applicable. The Government had not accepted the recommendation made by the Public Service Commission and directed them to prepare a fresh merit list taking into consideration all the amended rules giving reservation to the candidates. Accordingly, the list was prepared which came to be challenged. This Court had held that the Government Order showed that the reservation already made for any category of post or service in respect of which advertisement had already been published before the issue of the Government Order dated 9-7-1975, could be deemed to have been validly made. It clearly indicated that the selection made in accordance with the previous rules was valid and the merit list prepared in accordance with the rules was legal and valid one. The State Government wrongly refused to approve the same and curtailed the scope of it. This case is an authority on the proposition that recruitment should be made in accordance with the rules as indicated in the amended rules. Accordingly, the appeal was allowed and the order of the Government set aside. In Babita Prasad v. State of Bihar 1993 (S3) SCC 268 : 1993 SCC(L&S) 1076 : 1993 (25) ATC 598) this Court had held that the panel was of indefinite life; inclusion of the candidate in such a panel does not create any indefeasible right when the Government has discontinued the select list for valid reason. It was held in paragraph 25 that "the purpose of the panel prepared in the instant case was only to finalise a list of eligible candidates for appointment.

". The panel was too long and was intended to last indefinitely barring the future generations for decades from being considered in the vacancies arising much later. In fact, the future generations would have been kept out for a very long period had the panel been a permitted to remain effective till exhausted." *

A panel of the type prepared in the present case cannot be equated with a panel which is prepared having correlation to the existing vacancies for anticipated vacancies arising in the near future and for a fixed time and prepared as a result of some selection process."

11. It is, thus, settled law that the process of selection must be in accordance with the law existing as on the date of selection. Keeping a candidate in the waiting list does not confer any vested right in his favour much less indefeasible right. The appropriate appointing authority is not obliged to fill up the vacancies or to appoint any candidate/candidates waiting in the list to any resultant vacancy, due to the operation of law under the Act. The Vice-Chancellor, therefore, was obliged under the Act and vested with duty and right in taking action to have the vacancies notified applying Section 3(1) of the Act for recruitment in accordance with law.

12. It is contended that the retrospective operation cannot be given to the vacancies existing prior to the coming into force of the Act. We are unable to agree with the learned counsel. It is settled legal position that legislature is competent to make law with retrospective effect. The Act was applied to existing vacancies as on the date the Act came into force and process of selection was not started as on that date. There is no vested right to a vacancy in a post. A person has right only to be considered according to rules in force as on the date of consideration. The process of selection having started prior to that date is required to be dealt with as per preexisting law. The selection after the coming into force of the Act has to be made by applying Section 3(1). In the face of Section 3 read with Section 15(1) of the Act, any selection process initiated after the commencement of the Act has to be in conformity with the provisions of the Act. Necessarily, the vacancies existing as on that date shall be required to be filled up by applying sub-section (1) of Section 5 (sic) of the Act and the selection should be made in accordance therewith. Any selection made in contravention thereof would be in violation of the provision of Section 3(1) of the Act. As a result thereof, the direction issued by the Chancellor to make appointment of the respondents, though under the provisions of Section 68 of the Universities Act, is in violation of the Act since Section 3(1) has been made applicable with retrospective effect from 11-12-1993. The direction issued by the Chancellor in that behalf is in contravention of Section 3(1) of the Act.

13. It is the settled legal position that a mandamus cannot be issued to violate the law or to act in violation of the law. In this case, the direction issued by the High Court tantamounts to a direction to the appellant to appoint the respondents as per the order issued by the Chancellor, in violation of the Act. The mandamus was, therefore, clearly illegal. The incumbent Vice-Chancellor cannot be found fault with as regards the implementation of the Act as per directions contained in it and the comments and the strictures made against the appellants by the High Court are a unwarranted and uncalled for

14. The appeals are allowed and the High Courts judgment and orders stand set aside but, in the circumstances, without costs.
15. The writ petition is, consequently, dismissed. No costs.