GUPTA, J.

1. The respondents in all these fourteen appeals, some of which are on certificate and some by special leave. are extra-departmental agents connected with the postal department. Six of these appeals are from the Kerala High Court, seven from the Andhra Pradesh High Court and one from the Orissa High Court. These respondents were either dismissed or removed from service during the period between January 1, 1966 and June 18, 1974, and admittedly the order of dismissal or removal was passed without complying with the provisions of Art. 311 (2) of the Constitution. The question in each case is whether the respondent held a civil post as contemplated in Art. 311 of the Constitution; if he did, the dismissal or removal, as the case may be, would be unquestionable invalid for non-compliance with Art. 311 (2).

2. The conditions of service of the respondents are governed by a body of rules called the Posts and Telegraphs Extra Departmental Agents (Conduct and Service) Rules, 1964 (hereinafter called the rules) issued under the authority of the Govt. of India. Rule 2(b) of the rules defining "Extra Departmental Agent" includes within the category, among others, Extra Departmental Sub-Postmasters, Extra Departmental Branch Postmasters, Extra Departmental Delivery Agents, and several sections of class IV employees. Eleven of the respondents are extra departmental branch postmasters, one is an extra departmental delivery agent, and two are class IV extra departmental employees. In all these cases the High Courts have found that the respondents held civil posts under the Union of India and the orders terminating their services in violation of Article 311 (2) of the Constitution were invalid.

3. This Court in State of Assam v. Kanak Chandra Dutta, (1967) 1 SCR 679 [LQ/SC/1966/226] at p. 682 : (AIR 1967 SC 884 [LQ/SC/1966/226] at p. 886) has explained what a civil post is. In that case the respondent who was a Mauzadar in the Assam Valley was dismissed from service in disregard of the provisions of Article 311 (2). It was held that "having regard to the existing system of his recruitment, employment and functions", he was "a servant and a holder of a civil post under the State", and therefore entitled to the protection of Article 311 (2). This Court observed :

"................a civil post means a post not connected with defence and outside the regular civil services. A post is a service or employment. There is a relationship of master and servant between the State and a person holding a post under it. The existence of this relationship is indicated by the States right to select and appoint the holder of the post, its right to suspend and dismiss him, its right to control the manner and method of his doing the work and the payment by it of his wages or remuneration."

A post, it was explained, exists apart from the holder of the post. "A post may be created before the appointment or simultaneously with it. A post is an employment, but every employment is not a post. A casual labourer is not the holder of a post. A post under the State means a post under the administrative control of the State. The State may create or abolish the post and may regulate the conditions of service of person appointed to the post." Turning now to the rules by which the respondents were admittedly governed. It appears that they contain elaborate provisions controlling the appointment, leave, termination of services, nature of penalties, procedure for imposing penalties and other matters relating to the conduct and service of these extra departmental agents. There is a schedule annexed to the rules naming the appointing authorities in respect of each category of employees. Rule 5 states that the employees governed by these rules shall be entitled to such leave as may be determined by the Government from time to time and provides that if an employee fails to resume duty on the expiry of the maximum period of leave admissible and granted to him or if an employee who is granted leave is absent from duty for any period exceeding the limit upto which he could have been granted leave, he shall be removed from the service unless the Government decides otherwise in the exceptional circumstances of any particular case. The services of employees who had not put in more than three years. continuous service are liable to be terminated at any time under Rule 6 for unsatisfactory work or for any administrative reason. The rules also indicate the nature of penalties which may be imposed on an employee and the procedure for imposing them. A right of appeal is provided against an order imposing any of the penalties on the employee. Various other conditions of service are also provided in these rules.

4. It is thus clear that an extra departmental agent is not a casual worker but he holds a post under the administrative control of the State. It is apparent from the rules that the employment of an extra departmental agent is in a post which exists "apart from" the person who happens to fill it at any particular time. Though such a post is outside the regular civil services, there is no. doubt it is a post under the State. The tests of a civil post laid down by this Court in Kanak Chandra Duttas case (supra) are clearly satisfied in the case of the extra departmental agents.

5. For the appellants it is contended that the relationship between the postal authorities and the extra departmental agents is not of master and servant, but really of principal and agent. The difference between the relations of master & servant & principal and agent was pointed out by this Court in Lakshminarayan Ram Gopal v. Govt. of Hyderabad, (1955) 1 SCR 393 [LQ/SC/1954/184 ;] : (AIR 1954 SC 364 [LQ/SC/1954/57] ). On p. 401 of the report 1955-1 SCR : (at p. 367 of AIR 1954 SC) the following lines from Halsburys Laws of England (Hailsham Edition) Vol. 1, at page 193. Art. 345 were quoted with approval in explaining the difference :

"An agent is to be distinguished on the one hand from a servant, and on the other from an independent contractor. A servant acts under the direct control and supervision of his master. and is bound to conform to all reasonable orders given him in the course of his work : an independent contractor, on the other hand. is entirely independent of any control or interference and merely undertakes to produce a specified result, employing his own means to produce that result. An agent. Though bound to exercise his authority in accordance with all lawful instructions which may be given to him from time to time by his principal. is not subject in its exercise to the direct control or supervision of the principal. An agent. as such is not a servant is generally for some purposes his masters implied agent the extent of the agency depending upon the duties or position of the servant."

The rules make it clear that these extra departmental agents work under the direct control and supervision of the authorities who obviously have the right to control the manner in which they must carry out their duties. There can be no. doubt therefore that the relationship between the postal authorities and the extra departmental agents is one of master and servant. Reliance was placed on behalf of the appellants on two decisions, one of the Orissa High Court Venkata Swamy v. Supdt., Post Offices, AIR 1957 Orissa 112 and the other of the Madras High Court V. Subbaravalu v. Supdt. of Post Offices, AIR 1961 Mad 166 [LQ/MadHC/1960/219] . The Judgments in these cases were rendered before the elaborate rules governing the conduct and service of these extra departmental agents were brought into operation in 1964. We do not therefore think an examination of these two decisions will be relevant or useful for disposing of the appeals before us.

6. The appeals are accordingly dismissed with costs : one set of hearing fee in respect of all the appeals except C. A. 1172 of 1972, C. A. 1751 of 1972 and C. A. 2275 of 1972 in which separate orders as to costs were made earlier.