Mathew, J.

1. Before the High Court of Madras, the respondents claimed that they were not liable to be tax at the higher rate prescribed in Section 8 (2) (b) of the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 (hereinafter called the Act) on the turnover of their sales in the course of inter-State trade to Government or unregistered dealers even though they had not obtained 'C' or 'D' forms, as the case may be, for the reason that Section 8 (2) (b) is violative of Articles 301 ande 303 (1) of the Constitution and was, therefore, bad. The High Court accepted the claims by a common judgment. These appeals are preferred against the judgment on the basis of certificates granted by the High Court and they raise the common question, namely, whether Section 8 (2) (b) of the Act is bad for the reason that the provisions thereof offend Articles 301 and 303(1) of the Constitution.

2. In Larsen and Toubro Ltd. v. Joint Commercial Tax Officer, 20 STC 150 = (AIR 1968 Mad 407), the High Court of Madras held that sub-sections (2), (2A) and (5) of Section 8 of the Act were bad for the reason that they violated the provisions of Articles 301 and 303 (1) of the Constitution. This was on the basis that the different rates of tax and exemptions in the sales tax law of the various States placed an unequal burden on the sale of same or similar goods which impeded their free flow and movement in inter-State trade and commerce. In the appeal, preferred from the decision, this Court set aside the decision of the High Court (see State of Madras v. N. K. Nataraja Mudaliar, (1968) 3 SCR 829 [LQ/SC/1968/116] = (AIR 1969 SC 147 [LQ/SC/1968/116] ). The question whether section 8 (2) (b) is violative of provisions of Article 301 or 303 (1) was not specifically considered in either the majority judgment delivered by Shah J. or in the concurring judgment of Bachawat. J. Hegde, J., however, made certain observations in his judgment that section 8 (2) (b) was enacted to check evasion of sales tax and the restriction imposed by it was in the public interest.

3. Sales tax has been one of the most important sources of revenue for the States. The framers of the Constitution realised that this power of taxation was being exercised by the States in a manner prejudicial to the free flow of trade and commerce throughout the country as each State, relying upon some ingredient of sale which had a territorial nexus, levied the tax which led to multiple taxation of inter-Satte sales. This multiple taxation increased the burden on the consuming public. The Constitution-makers, therefore, while retaining sales tax as a source of revenue for the States, imposed restrictions on the taxing power of the States. Article 286 of the Constitution was one of the articles enacted for that purpose. As framed the article sought to put restraints upon the legislative power of the States; but the language in which the article and particularly the Explanation was couched, instead of clarifying the intention of the Constituent Assembly, only darkened it. The scope of Article 286 was considered by this Court in the State of Bombay v. United Motors (India) Ltd., 1953 SCR 1069 [LQ/SC/1953/41] = (AIR 1953 SC 252 [LQ/SC/1953/41] ) in an appeal to this Court in which the validity of the provisions of the Bombay Sales Tax Act, 1952, was challenged. The majority of the Judges who heard the appeal held that Article 286 (1) (a) prohibited taxation of sales or purchases involving inter-State elements by all States except the State in which the goods were actually delivered for the purpose of consumption therein and that the effect of the Explanation thereto was to convert inter-State transactions into intra-State transactions and to remove them from the operation of Cl. 2. This interpretation of Article 286 was not accepted by a larger Bench of this Court which heard and decided the Bengal Immunity Co. Ltd. v. The State of Bihar, (1955) 2 SCR 603 [LQ/SC/1954/175] = (AIR 1955 SC 661 [LQ/SC/1954/175] ). That case held that the bans imposed by Article 286 of the Constitution on the taking powers of the States were independent and separate and each one of them had to be got over before a State legislature could impose tax on transactions of sale or purchase of goods. The case further held that the Explanations of Article 286 (1) (a) determined by the legal fiction created therein the situs of the sale in the case of transactions coming within that category and that once it is determined by the application of the Explanation that a transaction is outside the State, it followed that the State, with reference to which the transaction can thus be predicated to be outside it, can never tax the transaction. The Constitution was thereafter amended, Explanation 1 of Article 286 was deleted and clauses (2) and (3) thereto were altered by the amendments. Simultaneously, item 92-A was incorporated in List I of the Seventh Schedule authorising Parliament to legislate for levying tax on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or purchase took place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce and item 54 of List II was amended to exclude taxation of inter-State sales from the competence of the State legislatures. Article 269, clause 1 (g) was also amended by cl. 3 to that article and after the amendment it reads :

"Parliament may by law formulate principles for determining when a sale or purchase of goods takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce."

4. The effect of these amendments made by the Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956, was to invest the Parliament with exclusive authority to enact laws imposing tax on sale or purchase of goods where such sale or purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce, and the tax collected by the State was to be assigned in the manner provided by clause (2) of Article 269 to the State within which the tax was leviable.

5. In exercise of authority conferred upon the Parliament by Article 286 and Article 269, clause 3, the Parliament enacted the Central Sales Tax Act (74 of 1956). By Chapter 3 of the Act, detailed provisions were made for imposing liability to pay tax on inter-State sales, for registration of dealers, fixing rates of tax and for levy and collection of tax and for imposing penalties for breach of the provisions of the Act relating to levy and collection of inter-State sales tax. By Section 5, every dealer was made liable to pay tax on all sales effected by him in the course of inter-State trade or commerce. The material part of Section 8 provides :

"8 (1) Every dealer, who in the course of inter-State trade or commerce -

(a) sells to the Government any goods; or

(b) sells to a registered dealer other than the Government goods of the description referred to in sub-section (3).

shall be liable to pay tax under this Act, which shall be three per cent of his turnover.

(2) The tax payable by any dealer on his turnover in so far as the turnover or any part thereof relates to the sale of goods in the course of inter-State trade or commerce not falling within sub-section (1) -

(a) in the case of declared goods, shall be calculated at the rate applicable to the sale or purchase of such goods inside the appropriate State; and

(b) in the case of goods other than declared goods, shall be calculated at the rate of ten per cent or at the rate applicable to the sale or purchase of such goods inside the appropriate State, whichever is higher;

and for the purpose of making any such calculation any such dealer shall be deemed to be a dealer liable to pay tax under the sales tax law of the appropriate State, not withstanding that he in fact, may not be so liable under that law."

6. Thus, the transaction in goods which were made subject to tax in the course of inter-State trade or commerce fall into three broad clauses; (1) transactions falling within Section 8 (1) i.e. all sales to Government and sales to a registered dealer other than the Government, of goods referred to in sub-section (3) of Section 8; (2) Transactions falling within Section 8 (2) (a) i.e. sales in respect of declared goods; and (3) transactions falling within Section 8 (2) (b) i.e. sales (not falling within (1)) in respect of goods other than declared goods. Sales of goods in category (1) were declared exigible to a tax of 3 per cent on the turnover. On sales of declared goods, tax was to be calculated at the rate applicable to the sale or purchase of such goods inside the appropriate State. On turnover of sale of goods not falling within categories (1) and (2), the rate was ten per cent or the rate applicable to the sale or purchase of such goods inside the appropriate State, whichever was higher.

Article 301 provides :

"Subject to the other provisions of this Part (Part XIII), trade commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free".

The freedom of trade so declared is against the imposition of barriers or obstructions within the State as well as inter-State; all restrictions which directly and immediately affect the movement of trade are declared by Article 301 to be ineffective. In other words, Article 301 imposes a general limitation on all legislative power in order to secure that trade, commerce and intercourse in the territory of India shall be free. That general limitation is relaxed in favour of Parliament by Article 302 which provides :

"Parliament may by law impose such restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse between one State and another or within any part of the territory of India as may be required in the public interest".

In Atibari Tea Co. Ltd. v. The State of Assam, (1961) 1 SCR 809 [LQ/SC/1960/173] = (AIR 1961 SC 232 [LQ/SC/1960/173] ), Gajendragadkar, J. speaking for himself, Wanchoo and Das Gupta, JJ., observed :

".... we think it would be reasonable and proper to hold that restrictions, freedom from which is guaranteed by Article 301, would be such restrictions as directly and immediately restrict or impede the free flow or movement of trade."

7. In Automobile Transport (Rajasthan) Ltd. v. The State of Rajasthan, 1963 Supp 2 SCR 435 = (1963-1 SCR 491 [LQ/SC/1962/152] = AIR 1962 SC 1406 [LQ/SC/1962/152] ), the Court partically agreed with the view of the majority in Atiabari Tea Co. Ltd.'s case (1961) 1 SCR 809 [LQ/SC/1960/173] = (AIR 1961 SC 232 [LQ/SC/1960/173] ) but added a clarification that a regulatory measure or a measure imposing a compensatory tax for the using of trading facilities would not come within the purview of restrictions contemplated by Article 301. Normally, a tax on sale of goods does not directly interfere with the free flow or movement of trade. But a tax can be such that because of its rate or other features, it might operate to impede the free movement of goods. The majority judgment delivered by Shah, J. in (1968) 3 SCR 829 [LQ/SC/1968/116] = (AIR 1969 SC 147 [LQ/SC/1968/116] ) proceeds all the basis that tax under the Central Sales Tax Act is in its essence a tax which encumbers movement of trade and commerce, but the tax imposed in the case in question was saved by the other provisions of Part XIII, The Court then said that the exercise of the power to tax would normally be presumed to be in the public interest and as Parliament is competent under Article 302 to impose restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse between one State and another or within any part of the territory of India as may be required in the public interest, the tax was saved.

8. Bachawat, J. in his judgment in the case said that if a tax on intra-State sales does not offend Article 301, logically, a tax on inter-State sales also cannot do so, that a tax does not operate directly or immediately on the free flow of trade or the free movement or transport of goods from one part of the country to the other, that the tax is on the sale, and that the movement is incidental and a consequence of the sale. He observed further that even assuming that the Central Sales Tax is within the mischief of Article 301, it is certainly a law made by Parliament in the public interest and is saved by Article 302.

9. As already stated, Section 8(2)(b) deals with sale of goods other than declared goods and it is confined to inter-State sale of goods to persons other than registered dealers or Governments. The rate of tax prescribed is ten per cent or the rate of tax imposed on sale or purchase of goods inside the appropriate State, whichever is higher. The report of the Taxation Inquiry Committee would indicate that the main reasons for enacting the provisions was to canalize inter-State trade through registered dealers, over whom the appropriate Government has a great deal of control and thus to prevent evasion of tax :

"Where transactions take place between registered dealers in one State and unregistered dealers or consumers in another, this low rate of levy will not be suitable, as it is likely to encourage avoidance of tax on more or less of the same scale as the present provisions of Article 286 have done. If this is to be prevented, it is necessary that transactions of this type should be taxable at the same rates which exporting State impose on similar transactions within their own territories. The unregistered dealers and consumers in the importing State will then find themselves unable to secure any advantage over the consumers of locally purchased articles; nor of course will they, under this system be able to escape the taxation altogether, as many of them do at present" (See Report of the Taxation Enquiry Commission, 1953-54, Vol. 3, p. 57).

In others words, it was to discourage inter-State sale to unregistered dealers that Parliament provided a high rate of tax, namely 10 per cent. But even that might not serve the purpose if the rate applicable to intra-State sales of such goods was more than 10 per cent. The rate of 10 per cent would then be favourable and they would be at an advantage compared to local consumers. It is because of this that Parliament provided, as a matter of legislative policy that the rate of tax shall be 10 per cent or the rate applicable to intra-State sales whichever is higher.

10. If prevention of evasion of tax is a measure in the public interest, there can be no doubt that Parliament is competent to make a provision for that purpose under Article 302, even if the provision would impose restrictions on the inter-State trade or commerce.

11. But quite apart from this, the majority judgment in (1968) 3 SCR 829 [LQ/SC/1968/116] = (AIR 1969 SC 147 [LQ/SC/1968/116] ) has categorically stated that "the exercise of the power to tax may normally be presumed to be in the public interest". We do not think it necessary to go into the question whether it is open to the Court to conduct an enquiry whether the levy of a tax is the imposition of a restriction on the freedom of trade and commerce in the public interest. It cannot be presumed, because the rate of tax was 10 per cent at the material time on this class of transaction or the rate fixed by the appropriate State in respect of intra-State sales, whichever was higher, the imposition of this rate was not in the public interest. Therefore, in any view of the matter, Parliament was competent to enact Section 8 (2) (b) of the Act. In other words, even if it be assumed that the tax at the higher rate imposed under Section 8 (2) (b) places restrictions on the freedom of trade and commerce throughout the territory of India, as Parliament is competent to impose restrictions on that freedom in the public interest and as the imposition of a tax is normally to be presumed in the public interest, we see no reason to hold that Section 8 (2) (b) is bad for the reason that it violates Article 301.

12. As regards the contention that section 8 (2) (b) is violative of Article 303(1) in that there will be varying rates of tax on inter-State sales in different States depending upon their rates of sales tax for intra-State sales and that will lead to the imposition of dissimilar tax on the sale of same or similar commodities, it is enough to state that this question has been considered by this Court in (1968) 3 SCR 829 [LQ/SC/1968/116] = (AIR 1969 SC 147 [LQ/SC/1968/116] ) and the Court said that the existence of different rates of tax on the sale of the same or similar commodity in different States by itself would not be discriminatory as the flow of trade does not necessarily depend upon the rates of sales tax; it depends, according to the Court, upon a variety of factors such as the source of supply, place of consumption, existence of trade channels, the rates of freight, trading facilities, availability of efficient transport and other facilities for carrying on the trade. The Court referred to the observations of Isaacs, J. in King v. Barger, (1908) 6 CLR 41 at p. 108 and said :

"..... The Central sales tax though leived for and collected in the name of the Central Government is a part of the sales tax levy imposed for the benefit of the States. By leaving it to the States to levy sales tax in respect of a commodity on intra-State transactions no discrimination is practised; and by authorising the State from which the movement of goods commences to levy on transactions of sale Central sales tax, at rates prevailing in the State, subject to the limitation already set out, in our judgment, no discrimination can be deemed to be practised."

13. We think there is no merit in the contention that Section 8 (2) (b) of the Act offends the provision of Article 303(1).

14. We, therefore, set aside the decision of the High Court and hold that Section 8(2)(b) does not offend Articles 301 and 303(1) and is valid.

15. Civil Appeals Nos. 2547-2549 of 1969 are allowed with costs.

16. In Civil Appeals Nos. 105-106 of 1970, the respondents submitted that they have raised other contentions before the High Court and that those contentions were not considered by the High Court and will have now to be considered by it. We allow these appeals with costs and remit the cases to the High Court for consideration of the other questions raised.

17. Appeals allowed.