Heard learned counsel for the parties. The instant four revision petitions have been preferred by the State of Rajasthan assailing the order dated 4.5.2006 passed by learned Additional Sessions Judge No.3, Jodhpur whereby four revision petitions filed by the accused respondents herein against the order dated 20.2.2006 passed by the learned Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Jodhpur District, Jodhpur were partly allowed. Succinctly stated the facts of the case are that upon a complaint being filed by the State of Rajasthan through the Assistant Conservator of Forest, Wild Life, Jodhpur, the learned trial judge i.e. the Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Jodhpur District, Jodhpur by his order dated 20.2.2006 proceeded to record pre-charge evidence and then directed framing of charges against the respondents herein for the offences as stated below:-

Salman Khan - U/S 148 IPC, Section 51 of Wild Life (Protection) Act and Section 27 of the Arms Act, 1959.

Saif Ali Khan ) U/S 147 IPC, Section 51 of Wild Life Sonali Bendre ) (Protection)Act read with Section 149 IPC Neelam ) and in the alternative, Section 52 of Wild Tabbasum ) Life (Protection) Act. Dushyant Singh)

The respondents herein approached the learned revisional court by filing four revision petitions being Revision No.15/06 (Saif Ali), Revision No.16/06 (Neelam), Revision No.18/06 (Salman Khan, Tabbasum & Sonali) and Revision No.20/06 (Dushyant Singh). All the revisions were heard and decided by the learned Additional Sessions Judge No.3, Jodhpur by common order dated 4.5.2006 and the learned revisional court accepted the revisions and directed the respondents herein to be discharged from the offences under Sections 147, 148 and 149 IPC as well as Section 27 of the Arms Act whilst direction to frame charges under Sections 51 and 52 of the Wild Life Protection Act was affirmed. The State of Rajasthan has challenged the said order dated 4.5.2006 passed by the learned revisional court by way of these filing four separate revision petitions. Assailing the order passed by the learned revisional court, Mr.R.L. Jangid, learned senior counsel cum Addl. Advocate General appearing for the State submitted that the revisional court has committed a serious error of law and facts in discharging the accused persons from the offences under Sections 147, 148 and 149 IPC. It is submitted that the view taken by the revisional court that the provisions of Chapter VIII of the Indian Penal Code apply only in relation to the offences committed against the human body, is absolutely erroneous. Laying stress on the definition of the term offence under Section 40 IPC, it was submitted that offence as defined in the said Section also covers within its ambit, the offence referred to in Section 141 IPC, particularly, when the same is to be considered in reference to any special or local law. It was thus urged that the revisional courts order discharging the respondents from the offences under Sections 147, 148 and 149 IPC as well as under Section 27 of the Arms Act was absolutely illegal. In support of his contentions, learned Addl. Advocate General placed reliance on the decisions of Honble Apex Court rendered in the cases of:

(1) AIR 1989 SC 1 [LQ/SC/1988/527] (State of Bihar. vs. Murad Ali Khan and others.)

(2) (2006) 4 SCC 278 [LQ/SC/2006/177] (Standard Chartered Bank. vs. Directorate of Enforcement.)

(3) (2010) 5 SCC 600 [LQ/SC/2010/462] (S.Khushboo. vs. Kanniammal.)

(4) (2010) 10 SCC 604 [LQ/SC/2010/1133] (Sansar Chand. vs. State of Rajasthan.)

(5) (2011) 11 SCC 214 [LQ/SC/2010/957] (Abu Salem Abdul Qayoom Ansari. vs. State of Maharashtra & Anr.)

So far as the order passed by the learned revisional court regarding the discharge of Salman Khan from the offence under Section 27 of the Arms Act is concerned, learned Addl. Advocate General fairly conceded that another charge-sheet for the very same set of allegations and for the very same offence has already been filed against the accused in the competent court and he is being tried for the same.

In the written submissions submitted on behalf of the State of Rajasthan, no challenge has been raised to the discharge of accused Salman Khan for the offence under Section 27 of the Arms Act.

Per contra, the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents vehemently opposed the arguments advanced on behalf of the petitioners and supported the order passed by the learned revisional court. It is contended that the term offence which is defined under Section 40 of the Indian Penal Code when read in context with the provisions of Chapter VIII of I.P.C. cannot be held to cover the offences except for those involving the offences against the human body or the offences involving breach of public peace. It is submitted that Clause (ii) of Section 40 IPC excludes from its operation the offences under Sections 147, 148 and 149 IPC in relation to a special Act and thus, these offences cannot be applied to any offence under a Special Act. It was argued that the provisions of a Criminal Statute had to be interpreted strictly and from the two possible interpretations, one which favours the accused must be adopted. In support of the contention that the provisions of Sections 147, 148 and 149 IPC cannot be invoked in respect to an offence under the Special Act, reliance has been placed on the following judgments:-

(1) In re Pavanur Athamu (26 Cr.L.J. 747)

(2) Harinarain vs. State (1953 Cr.L.J. 692)

(3) In re Vasudeva Mudali (30 Cr.L.J. 869)

(4) Dukhan Das vs. Emperor (46 Cr.L.J. 129)

(5) Inder Sain vs. Emperor (1920 The Criminal Law Journal Reports 418)

(6) Aydroos vs. Emperor (1923 The Criminal Law Journal Reports 360)

It is further submitted that Section 141 IPC, which is referred to in Second Part of Section 40 IPC, does not create an independent offence but only provides a definition of the term unlawful assembly. It was further urged that the essential ingredient of the definition of unlawful assembly depicted that the unlawful assembly was to be formed against the public, persons or their property and not against the animals. Referring to Section 44 IPC, it is submitted that the word injury in the said section specifically referred to an injury to a person. The word life as defined in Section 45 IPC also denotes life of a human being and the word death denotes death of a human being. Learned counsel specially laid stress on the definition of animal as contained in Section 47 IPC and contended that the word animal has been defined as any living creature other than human being. It was thus submitted that as the provisions of Chapter VIII of the I.P.C. are limited in their application to the offences effecting the public tranquility, the same cannot be applied to an offence committed against animals. It was thus prayed that the revisions preferred by the State deserved to be rejected. As regards the order passed by the learned revisional court discharging the respondent Salman Khan from the offence under Section 27 of the Arms Act, it is submitted that since Salman Khan is already facing a trial in relation to the very same offence and for the very same incident, he cannot be tried twice for the same offence. It is submitted that for the incident which took place in the intervening night of 1st and 2nd October, 1998, the charge under Section 27 of the Arms Act for illegal use of the fire arms has already been framed against him in Case No.321/2000 and the said case is at the final stage. It was, therefore, submitted that the proposed prosecution of respondent Salman Khan for the said offence in this case is nothing but a double jeopardy which was being imposed upon him. As such, it is submitted that this charge was rightly quashed by the revisional court.

On a consideration of the arguments advanced at bar and upon going through the material available on the record as well as the orders impugned, the short question which falls for the consideration of this Court is as to whether the provisions of Chapter VIII of the Indian Penal Code can be applied to the offences other than those affecting the human body or public peace. Section 40 IPC reads as below:-

"40 "Offence".- Except in the Chapters and sections mentioned in clauses 2 and 3 of this section, the word "offence" denotes a thing made punishable by this code.

In Chapter IV, Chapter V A and in the following sections, namely Sections 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 187, 194, 195, 203, 211, 213, 214, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 347, 348, 388, 389 and 445, the words "offence" denotes a thing punishable under this Code, or under any special or local law as hereinafter defined. And in Sections 141, 176, 177, 201, 202, 212, 216 and 441, the word "offence" has the same meaning when the thing punishable under the special or local law is punishable under such law with imprisonment for a term of six months or upwards, whether with or without fine." The term offence is thus an act made punishable under the Indian Penal Code or a Special or Local Law, as the case may be. In the second para of the definition, a specific reference has been made to Chapters IV and VA of the IPC and certain other Sections of the Penal Code. In the third para, reference is made to offences under Sections 141, 176, 177, 201, 212, 216 and 441 IPC. From the definition, reference to Section 144 IPC onwards has been conspicuously omitted. Section 146 IPC which lays down the definition of rioting defines that whenever a force is used by an unlawful assembly or a member thereof, every member of such assembly is guilty of offence of rioting. Section 147 IPC lays down punishment for rioting. Section 148 IPC refers to rioting when the same is accompanied with deadly weapons.

Thus, the primary factors governing the offences defined in these three Sections are use of force or violence. The term "Criminal Force" as defined in Section 349 IPC reads as under:-

"349. Force. A person is said to use force to another if he causes motion, change of motion, or cessation of motion to that other, or if he causes to any substance such motion, or change of motion, or cessation of motion as brings that substance into contact with any part of that others body, or with anything which that other is wearing or carrying, or with anything so situated that such contact affects that others sense of feeling:

Provided that the person causing the motion, or change of motion, or cessation of motion, causes that motion, change of motion, or cessation of motion in one of the three ways hereinafter described.

First.-- By his own bodily power.

Secondly.--By disposing any substance in such a manner that the motion or change or cessation of motion takes place without any further act on his part, or on the part of any other person. Thirdly.-- By inducing any animal to move, to change its motion, or to cease to move." The said definition clearly shows that criminal force can only be used by one person on another. The use of force on an animal or a thing, unless such use affects another person, is not an offence. Essentially the use of force should be intended to cause the other person to change motion or cause motion or cease motion. In the case at hand, there is no such allegation of the prosecution that by using criminal force upon the animals, any other person was made to change motion, cause motion or cease motion. As there is no such allegation that criminal force or violence was used by the unlawful assembly or by any member and thereby the offences under Sections 349 or 350 IPC was committed, therefore, the provision of Section 147 IPC cannot be applied to the facts of the case at hand. So far as offence under Section 149 IPC is concerned, the said section is governed by Section 141 which defines unlawful assembly. Section 141 IPC reads as under:-

"141. Unlawful Assembly. - An assembly of five or more persons is designated an "unlawful assembly", if the common object of the persons composing that assembly is--

First.-- To overawe by criminal force, or show of criminal force, the Central or any State Government or Parliament or the Legislature of any State, or any public servant in the exercise of the lawful power of such public servant; or

Second.-- To resist the execution of any law, or of any legal process; or

Third.-- To commit any mischief or criminal trespass, or other offence; or

Fourth.-- By means of criminal force, or show of criminal force, to any person, to take or obtain possession of any property, or to deprive any person of the enjoyment of a right of way, or of the use of water or other incorporeal right of which he is in possession or enjoyment, or to enforce any right or supposed right; or

Fifth.-- By means of criminal force, or show of criminal force, to compel any person to do what he is not legally bound to do, or to omit to do what he is legally entitled to do.

Explanation-

An assembly which was not unlawful when it assembled, may subsequently become an unlawful assembly."

Five objectives have been defined in the said Section which govern the application thereof. As the question involved in the matter is about the permissibility to apply Section 149 IPC to the offence under Section 51 of the Wild Life Protection Act, the Objectives Firstly, Secondly, Fourthly and Fifthly obviously do not have any application to the case. Only Clause Thirdly of the Section can be considered to be having a semblance of an applicability to the facts of the case. This clause states "to commit any mischief or criminal trespass, or other offence". Stress laid down by the State counsel is on the term "other offence" and specially in context to Section 40 IPC. In the case of Dwarika Prosad & Ors. vs. Dr. B.K. Roy Choudhury & Ors. reported in 1950 Cri.L.J. 1315 and relied upon by the counsel for the respondents, the Division Bench of Honble Calcutta High Court considering the import of the title of the Chapter observed as below:-

"We realise that the title of a Chapter is not a determining factor regarding the interpretation of the provisions of a section in the Chapter but the title certainly throws considerable light upon the meaning of the section and where it is not inconsistent with the section one should presume that the title correctly describes the object of the provisions of the Chapter."

But the question is as to whether the interpretation of a Statute can only be governed by the Title of the Chapter wherein the Section is contained. In Clause Thirdly of Section 141 IPC, offences of mischief and criminal trespass are referred to. The offence of mischief is defined in Section 425 IPC. Ongoing Sections i.e. Section 426 to Section 440 IPC, define various kinds of mischief which have been made punishable. It was submitted by the defence counsel that the mischief should result into damage to a property owned by a person or an animal of value owned by the person. The animals which are mentioned in Section 429 IPC are all domesticated animals and having value. Counsels appearing for the defence have tried to canvass before this Court that the loss essentially has to be to a domesticated animal or has to be rated in terms of financial loss as section 425 IPC itself has an import of loss or damage to the public or any person or destruction of any property. Thus, it was urged that the essence of the section is that the Act of mischief should result into financial loss.

In the opinion of this Court, a damage caused to the wild life even if the same cannot be evaluated or calculated in terms of money is definitely a loss to the ecology and as a result thereof, it can be considered to be a loss to the public and society at large. The State is pumping huge sums of money for conservation and preservation of wild life and thus, the interpretation sought to be drawn by the counsel for the respondents that Section 141 IPC cannot be applied to the offence under Section 51 of the Wild Life Protection Act, cannot be accepted. It is the firm opinion of this Court that by the act of using fire arms for killing wild life, the accused committed the offence of mischief as defined in Sections 425 and 429 IPC. Since the Clause Thirdly of Section 141 IPC covers in its ambit, mischief, criminal trespass or other offence. Therefore, the provision of Section 141 IPC can very well be applied to an offence of mischief when committed in relation to a wild animal also. Accordingly, the term other offence as mentioned in Section 141 covers in its ambit, an offence under Wild Life Protection Act. Therefore, every member of the unlawful assembly which participates in the act of hunting is definitely liable for being prosecuted for the offence under Section 51 of the Wild Life Protection Act with the aid of Section 149 IPC. However, as has already been discussed and observed above, the offence under Section 147 IPC cannot be applied to the facts of the instant case. Since the act cannot be covered under the definition of noting. Resultantly, all these four revision petitions succeed in part and whilst the order dated 4.5.2006 passed by the learned Additional Sessions Judge No.3, Jodhpur discharging the respondent Salman Khan from the offences under Section 148 IPC and under Section 27 of the Arms Act and other accused respondents from the offences under Section 147 IPC is concerned, the same is affirmed but is set aside to the extent whereby the accused respondents have been discharged from the offence under Section 52 of the Wild Life Protection Act read with Section 149 IPC and the order dated 20.2.2006 passed by the learned Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Jodhpur District, Jodhpur to this extent is restored.

Stay petitions also stand disposed of. Record be sent back forthwith.