Jagannadhadas, J.

1. These appeals arise out of an order of discharge passed by the Subordinate Judge Magistrate of Dhanbad under S. 494 Criminal P.C., on his consenting to the withdrawal of the Public Prosecutor from a prosecution pending before him in so far as it was against the appellant Mahesh Desai, one of the accused therein. The prosecution was launched on the first information of one Ram Naresh Pandey as against 28 persons about the commission of the murder, of one Nand Kumar Chaubey a peon of a colliery in Bagdigi committed in the course of a serious riot on February 20, 1954. This was said to have resulted from differences between two rival labour unions in connection with a strike. The prosecution as against most of the other persons is under various sections of the Penal Code including S. 302, on the ground of their actual participation in the commission of the murder. But as against the appellant, Mahesh Desai, it is only under S.302 /109 Penal Code, the part ascribed to him in the first information report being that he abetted the murder by reason of certain speeches and exhortations at meetings or group talks the day previous to the murder. The application for withdrawal as against the appellant was made, on December 6th 1954, when the matter was pending before the Magistrate in the committal stage and before any evidence was actually taken. It was made by the Public Prosecutor on the ground that

"on the evidence available it would not be just and expedient to proceed with the prosecution of Shri Mahesh Desai and that therefore it was necessary to withdraw the case against Sri Mahesh Desai only".

It was elicited in the course of the argument before the learned Magistrate that the position of the Public Prosecutor was, that the evidence regarding the complicity of this accused was meagre and that there was only a single item of evidence of a dubious nature against him which was not likely to establish a prima facie case. The learned Magistrate dealt with the matter in a fairly reasoned order and was of the opinion that there was no reason to withhold the consent that was applied for. He accordingly discharged the accused. That order was upheld by the learned Sessions Judge on a revision petition against it filed jointly by the first informant in the case and by the widow of the murdered person. These private parties pursued the matter further and applied to the High Court in revision. The learned Chief Justice who dealt with it was of the opinion that the consent should not have been granted accordingly, he set it aside. The learned Chief Justice recognised that normally in a matter of this kind the High Court should not interfere. But he felt called upon to set aside the order on the ground that "there was no judicial exercise of discretion in the present case". He therefore, directed that the Magistrate should record the evidence and then consider whether it establish a prima facie case against the, appellant, Mahesh Desai. The Advocate General of the State has come up before this Court against the order of the learned Chief Justice. Leave was granted because it was urged that the view taken by the learned Chief Justice was based on an erroneous appreciation of the legally permissible approach in a matter of this kind and that the decision of the learned Chief Justice was likely to have repercussions in the State beyond what was involved in the particular case. The aggrieved party, Mahesh Desai, also has come up by special leave and both these appeals are disposed of by this judgment.

2. The question of law involved may be gathered from the following extracts from the learned Chief Justices judgment.

"This is not a case where there is no evidence; on the contrary, this is a case where there is evidence which requires judicial consideration.....The procedure which the learned special Magistrate followed was tantamount to considering the sufficiency or otherwise of evidence before the evidence has been heard.... The function of the Court would be surrendered to the Public Prosecutor, I do not think that section 494 Criminal P.C. justifies such a procedure."

The legal question that arises from the above is whether where an application for withdrawal under S.494, Criminal P. C. is made on the ground of insufficiency or meagreness of reliable evidence that is available, it is an improper exercise of discretion for the Court to grant consent before evidence is taken, if it was reasonably satisfied, otherwise that the evidence, if actually taken, is not likely to result in conviction.

3. Section 494, Criminal P.C. runs as follows:

"any Public Prosecutor may, with the consent of the Court, in cases tried by jury before the return of the verdict, and in other cases before the judgment is pronounced, withdraw from the prosecution of any person either generally or in respect of any one or more of the offences for which he is tried: and upon such withdrawal,-

(a) if it is made before a charge has been framed, the accused shall be discharged in respect of such offence or offences;

(b) it is made after a charge has been framed, or when under this Code no charge is required, he shall be acquitted in respect of such offence or offences".

The section is an enabling one and vests in the Public Prosecutor the discretion to apply to the Court for its consent to withdraw from the prosecution of any person. The consent, if granted. was to be followed up by his discharge or acquittal as the case may be. The section gives no indication as to the grounds on which the Public Prosecutor may make the application, or the considerations on which the Court is to grant its consent. There can be no doubt, however, that the resultant order on the granting of the consent, being an order of discharge or acquittal would attract the applicability of correction by the High Court under Ss.435,436 and 439 or 417, Criminal P.C. The function of the Court, therefore, in granting its consent may well be taken to be a judicial function it follows that in granting the consent the Court must exercise a judicial discretion. But it does not follow that the discretion is to be exercised only with reference to material gathered by the judicial method. Otherwise the apparently wide language of S.494, Criminal P.C. would become considerably narrowed down in its application. In understanding and applying the section, two main features thereof have to be kept in mind. The initiative is that of the Public Prosecutor and what the Court has to do is only to give its consent and not to determine any matter judicially.As the Privy Council has pointed out in Faqir Singh v. Emperor, AIR 1938 P C 226 at p. 269 (A).

"It (S. 494, Criminal P. C.) gives a general executive discretion (to the public prosecutor) to withdraw from the prosecution subject to the consent of the Court, which may be determined on many possible grounds."

The judicial function, therefore, implicit in the exercise of the judicial, discretion for granting the consent would normally mean. that the Court has to satisfy itself that the executive function of the public prosecutor has not been improperly exercised, or that it is not an attempt to interfere with the normal course of justice for illegitimate reasons or purposes. In this context it is right to remember that the Public Prosecutor (though an executive officer as stated by the Privy Council in A I R 1938 P C 266 (A) is, in a larger sense, also an officer of the Court and that he is bound to assist the Court with his fairly considered view and the Court is entitled to have the benefit of the fair exercise of his function. It has also to be appreciated that in this country the scheme of the administration of criminal justice is that the primary responsibility of prosecuting serious offences (which are classified as cognizable offences) is on the executive authorities. Once information of the commission of any such offence reaches the constituted authorities the investigation including collection of the requisite evidence and the prosecution for the offence with reference to such evidence, are the functions of the executive. But the Magistrate also has his allotted functions in the course of these stages. For instance, in the course of investigation a person arrested must be brought before him within 24 hours (S. 61, Criminal P.C.). Continuance of the arrested person in detention for purposes of investigation from time to time has to be authorised by him (S. 167, Criminal P.C.). A search can be conducted on the issue of warrant by him (S. 94, Criminal P.C.). Statements of witnesses and confessions may be recorded by him (S. 164, Criminal P.C.) In an appropriate case he can order investigation or further investigation (Ss. 155 (2) and 202, Criminal P.C.). In all these matters he exercises discretionary functions in respect of which the initiative is that of the executive but the responsibility is his. His discretion in such matter has necessarily to be exercised with reference to such material, as is by then available and is not a prima facie judicial determination of any specific issue. The Magistrates functions in these matters are not only supplementary, at a higher level to those of the executive but are intended to prevent abuse. Section 494, Criminal P.C., acquiring the consent of the Court for withdrawal by the Public Prosecutor is more in line with this scheme, than with the provision of the Code relating to inquiries and trials by Court. It cannot be taken to place on the Court the responsibility for a prima facie determination of a triable issue. For instance the discharge that results therefrom need not always conform to the standard of "no prima facie case" under Ss.209 (1) and 253(1), Criminal P.C. or of groundlessness under Ss. 209 (2) and 253 (2), Criminal P.C. This is not to say that a consent is to be lightly given on, the application of the Public Prosecutor, without a careful and proper scrutiny of the grounds on which the application for consent is made.

4. A large number of cases from the various High Court have been cited before us. We have carefully gone through them. All of them recognise that the function of the Magistrate in giving consent is a judicial one open to correction. But in some of them there is no sufficient appreciation of the respective positions of the Public Prosecutor and the Court, in the discharge of their functions under S. 494, Criminal P.C. as we conceive them to be. There is, however, a general concurrence - at least in the later cases - that the application for consent may legitimately be made by the Public Prosecutor for reason not confined to the judicial prospects of the prosecution. (See The King v. Moule Bux, A I R 1949 Pat 233 (FB) (B) and The King v. Parmanand, A I R 1949 Pat 222 at p. 226 (FB) (C). If so, it is clear that, what the court has to determine, for the exercise of its discretion in granting or withholding consent, is not a triable issue on judicial evidence.

5. Learned counsel for the respondent has strenuously urged before us that while this may be so where the consent is applied for on other grounds, or for other reasons, the position would not be the same, where the application for consent is made on the ground of no evidence or no adequate or reliable evidence. It is urged that in such a case, the Court can exercise its judicial function only with references to judicially recorded evidence as in one or other of the appropriate situations contemplated by the Code for judicial inquiry or trial. If this argument means anything it must mean that in such a situation the Court before granting consent must hold a kind of preliminary inquiry into the relevant evidence in much the same way as for instance, when a Magistrate acting under S. 202, Criminal P.C. may direct or it must mean that no consent can at all be given on such a ground and that the Court must proceed with the prosecution, and either discharge or acquit under one or other of the other sections in the Code enabling thereunto.It appears to us that this would be engrafting on the wide terms of S. 494 Criminal P.C., an exception or a proviso limited to such a case. In our opinion, this would not be a permissible construction of the section. We are, therefore unable with great respect, to subscribe to the view taken by the learned Chief Justice whose judgment is under appeal, that where the application is on the ground of inadequacy of evidence requiring judicial consideration, it could be manifestly improper for the Court to consent to withdrawal before recording the evidence and taking it into consideration. We are not to be understood, however as implying that such evidence as may already have been recorded by the time the application is made is not to be looked into and considered in such cases, in order to determine the impropriety of the withdrawal as amounting to abuse or an improper interference with the normal course of justice.

6. Learned counsel for the respondents has raised a fresh point before us for maintaining the order of the High Court setting aside the discharge of the appellant by the Magistrate. The point being purely one of law we have allowed it to be argued. His contention is that in a case triable by a Court of Session, an application by the Public Prosecutor for withdrawal with the consent of the Court does not lie in the committal stage.He lays emphasis on the wording of S.494, Criminal P.C., which says that "in cases tried by jury, any Public Prosecutor may, with the consent of the Court, withdraw from the prosecution of any person before the return of the verdict". This according to him, clearly implies. that such withdrawal cannot be made until the case reaches the trial stage in the Sessions Court. He also relies on the further phrase in the section "either generally or in respect of any one or more of the offences for which he is tried". The use of the word tried in this phrase confirms according to him, the contention that it is only when the case reaches the stage of trial that S. 494, Criminal P.C can be availed of. He draws our attention to a passage in Archbolds Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice (32nd Edn.) pp, 108, 109, S. 12, that

"a nolle prosequi to stay proceedings upon an indictment or information pending in any Court may be entered, by leave of the Attorney General at the instance of either the prosecutor or the defendant, at any time after the bill of indictment is signed, and before judgment."

He urges that it is this principle that has been recognised in the first portion of S. 494, Criminal P.C. It appears to us that the analogy of the English practice would be misleading as an aid to the construction of S. 494, Criminal P.C. The scheme of our Criminal Procedure Code is substantially different. The provision corresponding to the power of the Attorney General to enter nolle prosequi is S.333, Criminal P.C. which refers to jury trials in High Court. The procedure under S. 494, Criminal P.C. does not correspond to it. The phrase "in other cases before the judgment is pronounced" in S.494, Criminal P.C. would in the context, clearly apply to all cases other than those tried by jury. Now, there can be no doubt that at least as regards these other cases, when the consent for withdrawal is given by the Court, the result is either a discharge or an acquittal, according to the stage to which that case has reached, having regard to the two alternatives (a) and (b) of S. 494, Criminal P.C. It follows that at least in every class of cases other than those tried by jury the withdrawal can be at any stage of the entire proceedings. This would include also the stage of preliminary inquiry in a Sessions case triable without a jury. But if the argument of the learned counsel for the respondents is accepted that power cannot be exercised at the preliminary inquiry stage, only as regards cases which must lead to a jury trial. We can find no conceivable reason for any such discrimination having been intended and prescribed by the Code. We are unable to construe S. 494, Criminal P.C. as involving any such limitation. The wording is perfectly wide and general and would apply to all classes of cases which are capable of terminating either in a discharge or in an acquittal, according to the stage at which the section is invoked. The whole argument of the learned counsel is based upon the use of the word tried and he emphasises the well known distinction between inquiry and trial in the scheme of the Code.Our attention has also been drawn to the definition of the word inquiry in S. 4(k) of the Code which runs as follows:

" inquiry includes every inquiry other than a trial conducted under this Code by a Magistrate or Court."

There is hardly anything in this definition which throws light on the question whether the word trial is used in the relevant section in a limited sense as excluding an inquiry. The word trial is not defined in the Code. Trial according to Strouds Judicial Dictionary means "the conclusion by a competent tribunal of question in issue in legal proceedings, whether civil or criminal" (Strouds Judicial Dictionary, 3rd En. Vol. 4, P. 3092), and according to, Whartons Law Lexicon means "the hearing of a cause, civil or criminal before a judge who has jurisdiction over it, according to the laws of the land" (Whartons Law Lexicon, 14th Edn., P. 1011).The words tried and trial appear to have no fixed or universal meaning. No doubt, in quite a number of sections in the Code to which our attention has been drawn the words tried and trial have been used in the sense of reference to a stage after the inquiry. That meaning attaches to the words, in those sections having regard to the context in which they are used. There is no reason why where these words are used in another context in the Code, they should necessarily be limited in their connotation and significance. They are words which must be considered with regard to the particular context in which they are used and with regard to the scheme and purpose of the provision under consideration.

7. An argument has also been advanced by the learned counsel for the respondent before us by referring to the word judgment in the phrase in other cases before the judgment is pronounced in S. 494, Criminal P.C. as indicating that the phrase in other cases can refer only to proceedings which end in a regular judgment and not in any interim order like commitment. Here again the difficulty in the way of the contention of the learned counsel being accepted, is that the word judgment is not defined. It is word of general import and means only judicial determination or decision of a Court." (See Whartons law Lexicon, 14th Edn., p. 545). There is no reason to think in the context of this section that it is not applicable to an order of committal which terminates the proceeding so far as the inquiring court is concerned. It may be, that in the context of Chap. XXVI of the Code judgment may have a limited meaning. In any view, even if judgment in this context is to be understood in a limited sense, it does not follow that an application during preliminary inquiry - which is necessarily prior to judgment in the trial - is excluded.

8. The history of S. 494 of the present Code of Criminal Procedure (Act V of 1898) confirms the above view. The provision for withdrawal by the Public Prosecutor with the consent of the Court appears, for the first time, in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1872 (Act X of 1872) as S. 61 thereof and runs as follows:

"The Public Prosecutor may, with the consent of the Court withdraw any charge against any person in any case of which he is in charge : and upon such withdrawal, if it is made whilst the case is under inquiry the accused person shall be discharged. If it is made when he is under trial, the accused person shall be acquitted."

In the next Code of 1882 (Act X of 1882) this appears as S. 494 thereof and runs as follows:

"Any Public Prosecutor appointed by the Governor General in Council or Local Government may, with the consent of the Courts, in cases tried by jury before the return of the verdict and in other cases before the judgment is pronounced, withdraw from the prosecution of any person, and, upon such withdrawal,

(a) if it made before a charge has been framed, the accused shall be discharged :

(b) if it is made, after a charge has been framed, or when under this Code no charge is required he shall be acquitted."

It may be noticed that there has been complete redrafting of the section which brings about two alterations. This section seems to have remained as such in the 1898 Code (Act V of 1898). The next modification in the section appears to have been made by Act XVIII of 1923 which inserted the phrase "either generally or in respect of any one or more of the offences for which he is tried" in the appropriate place in S. 494 as it stood in the 1882 Code (in addition to omitting the phrase "appointed by the Governor General in Council or Local Government").The present S. 494 is the corresponding section in1882 Code as so altered. It will be thus seen there are altogether three substantial changes in between 1872 and 1923 in the corresponding S. 61 of the 1872 Code. The first two changes made in 1882 were obviously intended to indicate that the result by way of discharge or acquittal should depend not on the distinction between inquiry and trial but on the fact of a charge having been framed or not having been framed. The second was to clarify that the application can be made generally up to the point when judgment is pronounced but to provide for an exception thereto in respect of cases which in fact have gone up for a jury trial, in which case the application can be made only up to the point of time before the verdict is pronounced. The third change in 1923 was to make, it clear that the withdrawal need not be in respect of the entire case against a particular individual but in respect of one or more only of the charges for which he is being prosecuted. These three changes, therefore, were introduced for specific purposes which are obvious. The section as it originally stood in 1872 was quite wide enough to cover all clauses of cases not excluding even jury cases when it is in the stage of preliminary inquiry. There is absolutely no reason to think that these successive changes were intended to exclude such a preliminary inquiry from the scope of S. 494 as it has finally emerged. It may also be mentioned that the words inquiry and trial were both defined in the Code of 1872 but that the definition of the word trial was omitted in the 1882 Code and that later on in the 1898 Code the definition of the word inquiry was slightly altered by adding the phrase "other than a trial" leaving the word trial undefined. These various legislative changes front time to time with reference to S.494 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the definition of the word inquiry confirm the view above taken that S. 494 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is wide enough to cover every kind of inquiry and trial and that the word trial in the section has not been used in any limited sense. Substantially the same view has been taken in Giribala Desai v. Mader Gazi ILR 60 Cal 233 [LQ/CalHC/1932/151] :( A I R 1932 Cal 699 [LQ/CalHC/1932/151] ) (D) and Kasi Viswanadham v. Madan Singh ILR 1949 Mad 64: (AIR 1948 Mad 422 [LQ/MadHC/1948/28] ) (E) and we are in agreement with the reasoning therein as regards this question.

9. As regards the merits of the appeals the matter lies in a short compass. As already stated the application by the Public Prosecutor was made before any evidence was taken in the committal stage. The only materials then available to the Public Prosecutor or to the Court were the contents of the first information report and any statements of witnesses that may have been taken by the police during investigation. What is alleged against the appellant, Mahesh Desai, in the first information report can be gathered from the following:

"These persons viz., Mahesh Desai and the others regularly held meeting and advocated for closing Bagdigi cable plant and coke plant and assaulting the, dalals. Yesterday, Friday morning when some labourers were going to resume their work in 8 No. pit at Lodna the striking labourers created disturbance there and the labourers of that place who were going to resume work could not do so. At about 11 a.m. Mahesh Desai the leader of Koyala Mazdoor Panchayat came to Bagdigi and told the labourers of this place to stop all work, to hold on to their posts and to see that no one worked. At the instance of Mahesh Desai the labourers stopped the work. Last night at about 11 -30 p.m. when I was in my quarter at Lodna, Jadubans Tiwary, the overman of Bagdigi Colliery, said that Sheoji Singh and Ramdhar Singh had told him that in the evening at about 6-30 p.m. Mahesh Desai came to Bagdigi, Mahabir Asthan Chala, collected 120 to 125 labourers and held a meeting and Mahesh Desai said that he had come to know that the company and its dalals would take some labourers to pit No. 10 this morning to resume the work and they would get the work resumed by them. In this morning Phagu Dusadh, Jalo Dusadh, Chamari Dusadh and others were (sic took) part. Mahesh Desai said to them "You go to your respective works and see that no one works there happen what may. You remain prepared in every respect. The labourers of Lodna will also come to your help. The police will not be able to do any harm to you". The meeting dispersed at about 7.30 oclock. Mahesh Desai went by his jeep from Mahabir Asthan to pit No. 10 and told the labourers there to stick to their strike. Then Phagu, Jalo and Haricharan Dusadh of Bagdigi began to talk with him near the Jeep. Jadubans Tiwary heard Mahesh Desai saying. "It is necessary for us to finish the dalals for achieving victory. You remain prepared for this". Saying this he boarded his jeep and at the end Mahesh Desai said to Phagu, Haricharan and Jalo Dusadh "Finish all. What will happen will be seen. Thereafter Mahesh Desai went away by his jeep and Phagu, Jalo and Haricharan came back."

The first information report continues to state what all happened the next day by way of rioting etc. in the course of which Phagu, Jalo and Haricharan Dusadh, along with others were said to have chased Nand Kumar Chaubey and wherein Phagu gave a pharsa blow and Haricharan a lathi blow to him and Nand Kumar Chaubey fell down dead. In the closing portion of the first information report the informant states as follows:

"I make this statement before you that (having instigated) yesterday evening in the meeting and having instigated Phagu Dusadh, Jalo Dusadh and Haricharan Dusadh near pit No. 10, and having got a mob of about one thousand persons collected today in the morning by Harbans Singh and other workers of his union Mahesh Desai got the murder of Nand Kumar Chaubey committed by Phagu Dusadh, Jalo Dusadh and Haricharan Dusadh today at 8.15 a.m. with lathi and pharsa."

10. It is clear from this that what is ascribed to Mahesh Desai is that he is alleged to have exhorted the labourers once in the morning at 11 a.m. and again in the night at 6.30 p.m. as also at 7.30 p.m. As regards the exhortation at 11 a.m. it is not quite clear from the first information report whether the informant speaks to his personal knowledge or, what he heard from the labourers. As regards what is said to have transpired at 6.30 p.m. and 7.30 p.m., it appears to be reasonably clear that the person who gave the information to the informant was Jadubans Tiwary and that his information itself was probably based on what Sheoji Singh and Ramdhar Singh had told him. It would be seen therefore, that the prosecution must depend upon the evidence of Jadubans Tiwary, and possibly of Sheoji Singh and Ramdhar Singh and that what these three persons could speak to was at best only as to the exhortation made by Mahesh Desai at the various stages. Presumably, these witnesses were examined by the police in the course of the investigation. Now, on this material, we find it difficult to appreciate why the opinion arrived at by both the trial Court and the Sessions Court that the view taken of that material by the Public Prosecutor, viz., that it was meagre evidence on which no conviction could be asked for, should be said to be so improper that the consent of the Court under S. 494 of the Code of Criminal Procedure has to be withheld. Even the private complainant who was allowed to participate in these proceedings in all its stages, does not, in his objection petition, or revision petitions, indicate the availability of any other material or better material. Nor, could the complainants counsel, in the course of arguments before us inform us that there was any additional material available. In the situation, therefore, excepting for the view that no order to withdraw should be passed in such cases either as a matter of law or as a matter of propriety but that the matter should be disposed of only after the evidence is judicially taken, we apprehend that the learned Chief Justice himself would not have felt called upon to interfere with the order of the Magistrate in the exercise of his revisional jurisdiction.

11. We are, therefore, clearly of the opinion, for all the above reasons, that the order of the High Court should be set aside and the appeals allowed. Accordingly, the order of the trial Court is hereby restored.

12. There was some question raised before us as to whether the private complainants could be allowed to participate in these proceedings at the various stages. Nothing that we have said is intended to indicate that the private complainant has a locus standi.

13. It is unfortunate that this prosecution which is still pending at its very early stages has got to be proceeded with against all the rest of the accused, after the lapse of nearly three years from the date of the murder. It is to be hoped that the proceedings which must follow will be speeded up.

14. Appeal allowed.