V.N. KHARE, J.

(1) TWO Judges of this Court having differed in their opinion on the 9 question of competence of State Legislature to enact U. P. Shexra Niyantran Adhiniyam 1964 (U. P. Act No. XXIV of 1964) (in short, the Adhiniyam) have referred the following point of difference to third Judge for opinion:"whether by virtue of Section 18g of the Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951, the State Legislature stood denuded of power to legislate regulating supply, distribution and price of molasses-a product of sugar industry, and was conseqeuntly incompetent to enact Sections 7, 8 and 10 of the Uttar Pradesh Sheera Niyantran Adhiniyam 1964 (U. P. Act No. 24 of 1964)"Honble the Chief Justice instead of referring the matter to the third Judge, constituted this Full Bench to answer the point of difference between the two Judges and that is how the matter has come up before us. It arises in the context of statement made in the Lok Sabha by the Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemical and Fertilisers regard ing decontrol of molasses and alochol which was followed by Notifications dated 10-6-1993 by which the Molasses Control Order 1961 and Ethyl Alcohol (Price Control) Order 1971 issued under Section 18g of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act 1951 (hereinafter referred to as the) have been rescinded. On 11th of June, 1993 a circular letter addressed to the State Government by the Secretary to the Government, Department of Chemical and Petrochemicals, Ministry of Fertilisers Union of India was also sent giving the reasons for rescinding the aforesaid two control orders and further suggesting steps to be taken by the Stategovernment to prevent the undue diversion of molasses to potable alcohol sector.

(2) BEFORE an wering the question referred to us it would be appropriate to notice legislative development in respect of production use and control of molasses in the State of Uttar Pradesh.

(3) IN the year 1932 in response to the policy formulated by the Government of India for protection of sugar factories, large number of sugar factories came into existence resulting increase of production of sugar in the State of U. P. This bulk production of sugar created the problem of disposing of molasses which is a by product of sugar. In the year 1947 U. P. Molasses Act was enacted to provide grading of molasses and for regulating the supply there of for distilleries and the price at which it may be sold and for other purposes incidential thereto. In the year 1964 United provinces Molasses (Control) Act 1947 was repealed and an Act known as U. P. Sheera Niyantran Adhiniyam 1964 was enacted. Under Section 10 of the Adhiniyam the occupier of sugar factory was required to sell molasses in respect of which an order has been made at a price not exceeding what has been provided in the schedule of the. Before enactment of the Adhiniyam the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act 1951 was enacted and came into force in 8-5-1952. Sugar was mentioned in the schedule as Item No. 25 the control of which by the Central Government was declared to be expedient in the public interest. The Act was further amended in the year 1953 whereby Section 18g was inserted conferring power on the Central Government to control supply, distribution price etc of the articles produced by the industries controlled under the. It is the exercise of this power that the Central Government framed Molasses Control Order 1961. It is relevant to mention here that the Molasses Control Order 1961 was never applied to the State of U. P. as well as the State of Bihar and Control of Molasses so far as State of U. P. is concerned, continued to be governed by the Adhiniyam and such state of affairs contained till the rescinding of the Molasses Control Order 1961 on 10-6- 1993.

(4) AFTER the Molasses Control Order 1961 was rescinded, the Excise Commissioner by his letter dated 11-6-1993 sent message to the sugar industries that the control of molasses under the Adhiniyam shall continue to hold field in the State of U. P. It is at this stage that the sugar industries came to this Court by means of writ petitions under Art. 226 of the Constitution for striking down, the Adhiniyam as being ultra vires and of no consequence in view of Section 18g of the.

(5) SRI Shanti Bhushan, learned Senior Advocate appearing for the petitioner argued that by enacting Section 18g in the, the field relating to the control of supply, distribution, price etc. of articles relatable to the sugar industries became occupied by the parliament having evinced its clear intention and thus, the State Legislature thereafter was decied to make a law on the subject matter in List II or List III of Seventh Schedule. In other words, the argument is that power to legislate on the matter relating to the control, supply, distribution, price etc. of article relatable to sugar industries is covered by Entry 52 of List I of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India and not under Entry Nos. 33 and 34 of List III of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Sri Shanti Bhushan, learned counsel also referred to Art. 246 of the Constitution and argued that employment of the expressions not-withstanding subject to and with respect to in Article 246 of the Constitution clearly shows the supremacy of parliament and once the Parliament makes a law on certain subject falling within the scope of any entry in List I, the intention of Parliament is clear that it intends to cover that field and said field becomes a occupied field and the Legislature of the State is denied to make any law in that field. Learned counsel for the petitioner relied upon a number of decisions in support of his arguments which I intend to refer and notice at the appropriate places. In short the contention is that Section 18g of the is referable to Entry 52 which is exclusive Zone reserved for the Parliament and thus the Statelegislature cannot legislate with respect to the said matter.

(6) ON the other hand, Sri Rakesh Dwivedi, Additional Advocate General, U. P. and Sri D. Dave, learned Advocate contended that in fact Section 18g is an enactment on a concurrent field and is not referable to Entry 52 of List I of Seventh Schedule anti thus the State Legislature is Competent to make law subject to provisions of Art. 254 of the Constitution.

(7) ON the argument of the learned counsel for the parties, the first question that arises for consideration is as to whether Section 18g of the is referable to Entry 52 of List I or is referable to Entry 33 of List III of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Learned counsel for the parties pressed into various rules of Construction for interpreting the entries in their own way. No doubt the various rules of construction laid down by the Courts, if properly used, will be of a considerable assistance as they are based on the human experience. Precedents show that by taking assistance of rule of interpretation the Courts have solved the problem at hand. Sri Shanti Bhushan learned Senior Counsel emphasised that Entry 52 of List I be interpreted widely in view of supremacy of the Parliament. But the said submission does not mean that the decision should rest on suggested interpretation of the word used in Entry 52 in disregard of all other relevant rule of construction. Learned Additional Advocate General urged that it is necessary to comprehend the provision of the Constitution in a scientific manner. According to him scientific manner means to look into the history and structure/ design of the relevant provision/ entries of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution and also in the light of federalism, which is the basic feature of the Constitution.

(8) INITIALLY taking the assistance of historical fact or any document preceding the Legislation was very much frowned upon for the purposes of construction of statutes. At that time there was some sort of injunction against applying the principles of looking into the Historical fact or reports proceeding the legislation in construing a statute.-However, by passage of time this injunction has been very much relaxed.

(9) IN the case of R. S. Nayak v. A. R. Antulay (AIR 1984 SC 684 [LQ/SC/1984/43] ) it was held as thus:"report of the Committee which preceded the enactment of a legislation reports of Joint Parliament Committee report of a commission set up for collecting information leading to the enactment are permissible external aid to construction. If the basic, purpose underlying construction of legislation is to ascertain the real intention of the Parliament why should the aids which Parliament availed of such as report of a Special Committee preceding the enactment existing State of Law, the environment necessitating enactment of legislation and the object sought to be achieved be denied to Court whose function is primarily to give effect to the real intention of the Parliament in enactment of the legislation. Such denial would deprive the Court of a substantial and illuminating aid to constructions. The modern approach has to a considerable extent eroded the exclusionary rule even in England. "similar view was taken in the case of C. P. Berrar Sales of Motors Spirit (AIR 1939 FC 1 [LQ//1938/1 ;] ">AIR 1939 FC 1 [LQ//1938/1 ;] [LQ//1938/1 ;] ), A. V. S. Narasimha Rao v. The State of Andhra Pradesh (AIR 1970 SC 422 [LQ/SC/1969/147] ). In the case of State of Mysore v. R. V. Bidap (AIR 1973 SC 2555 [LQ/SC/1973/262] and in the case of Fagu Shaw etc. v. The State of West Bengal (AIR 1974 SC 613 [LQ/SC/1973/415] ). Now the accepted view of Courts is that reports or Constituent Assembly debate can legitimately be taken in aid for construction of the provisions of the or the Constitution.

(10) AFTER having acquired sanction I proceed to look into the Constituent Assembly debates which preceded the passing of the Constitution of India.

(11) IN October 1947 a draft Constitution was prepared. Tenth Schedule of the said draft constitution related to distribution of field of legislation. Relevant entries are extracted below:--List-IList-IIList-IIIEntry 65: Development of industries where development under federal control is declared by federal law to be expedient in the public interest. Entry-26: Trade and commerce with in the province; markets and fairs. Entry-29: Production supply and distribution of goods, development of industries subject to the provisions of List-I with respect to the development of certain industries in federal control.

(12) ON 21-2-1948 the drafting committee prepared draft Constitution. 7th Schedule of this draft constitution contained the distribution of field of legislation. The relevant entries are extracted below:-List-IList-IIList-IIIEntry 64: Development of industries where development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. Entry 32; Trade and commerce within the states markets, fairs. . . . . Entry 33: Regulation of trade, commerce and intercourse with other state for the purpose of the provisions of Art. 244 of the Constitution. Entry 36: Production, supply and distribution of goods. Entry 37: Development of industries, subject to the provisions in List I with respect to the development of certain industries under the control of the Union. Before the Constituent Assembly, Ministry of Industries and supply made the following suggestions in respect of entries 5 and 64 of List-I. "the scope of the powers, the Union Government may exercise under Item 5 is not clear would they, for example, extend to every aspect of the industries specified by law, irrespective of whether any of these aspect is covered by the State List There is also an overlap between Item 5 and. 64 and it is suggested that the two be amalgamated to read as follows:the regulation of industries, where such regulation under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be necessary or expedient in the public interest. The word "necessary" has been included above to bring out the compelling need of the Union control, for example in the event of war. For effective implementation by the Union Government of the industrial policy announced by the Government of India on 6/04/1948, and for other reasons, it is necessary to invest the Union Government with certain powers over trade and commerce in respect of, and the production, supply, price and distribution of the goods produced by the industries to be brought under central regulation and certain other goods such as wholly imported articles or agricultural products. The following additional item is, therefore, suggested: Regulation of trade and commerce in and of the production, supply, price and distribution- (a) of goods which are the products of the industries whose regulation under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be necessary or expedient in the public interest, (b) of any other goods whose regulation similary is declared by Parliament by law to be necessary or expedient in the public interest. Note:. . . . . . . . . The following amendment is accordingly suggested: for Entry 64 in List I of the Seventh Schedule the following entry be substituted: 64the regulation of industries other than those specified in entry 5 of this list where such regulation under the control of the union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. (See Framing of the Constitution by B. Shiva Rao 294)Ministry of Industries and Supply was of the view that it is necessary to give certain powers over trade and commerce in respect of, production, supply, price and distribution of the goods, produced by the industries to be brought under Central Regulation. On the suggestion of Ministry of Industries and Supply the Draft Constitution included Art. 226 which empowered the Parliament to make law in respect of entries enumerated in the State List and in view of the proposed Article 226 the Draft Committee was of the view that the suggestion made by the Ministry of Industries and Supply was not necessary. The Draft Committee was further of the view that if the suggestion of Ministry of Industries and Supply was to be incorporated in the Constitution, then an Entry 64a had to be added in List I of the Seventh Schedule after Entry 64. The suggestion of the Draft Committee is quoted below:"the inclusion of the additional item suggested by the Ministry of industry and Supply involves a question of policy. It may, however, be pointed out that under Art. 226 Parliament will have power to regulate by law trade and commerce in, or the production, supply and distribution of, any goods, whether they are products of industries whose regulation under the control of the Union is declared by parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest or not, if their regulation becomes necessary or expedient in the national interest. It seems, therefore, hardly necessary to provide for such regulation by the inclusion of an entry in the Union List as suggested by the Ministry of the Industry and Supply. However, if the proposal to insert this additional item is accepted, the following amendment will be necessary:after Entry 64 in List I of the Seventh Schedule, the following entry be inserted:64-A. Regulation of trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of- (a) goods which are the products of the industries whose regulation under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. (b) any other goods where such regulation under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. Price control will be covered by the regulation of production, supply and distribution and it does not seem to be necessary to refer to it specifically. "

(13) FRAMING of the Constitution by B. Shiva Rao : The suggestion of the Ministry of Industries and Supply and the views of the Drafting Committee were then placed before the Drafting Committee when there was a meeting of Drafting Committee, consisting of Premiers of the provinces and certain Ministries of Government of India on 21/07/1949. The minutes of the said meeting show that it was agreed that the new Entry 64a proposed to be included in List-I by Ministry of Industries and Supply was decided to be transferred to concurrent list. The relevant extracts of the minutes of the Drafting Committee with the Premises are extracted below:"new Entry 64a It was agreed that the new Entry 64a proposed for insertion after Entry 64 by the Ministry of Industry and Supply should be transferred to the Concurrent List subject to necessary drafting changes. "framing of the Constitution by B. Shiva Rao,

(14) THOUGH there was an agreement, yet certain members of the Constitution Assembly namely, Sarvsri Shibhan Lal Saxena and Shayama Prasad Mukherjee continued to insist that Entry 64a which had been transferred to Concurrent List had to be placed in List I of the Seventh Schedule. However, it was not accepted by Dr. B, R. Ambedkar and. the said Entry 64a was placed in the Concurrent List as a result of which Entry 64a was finally placed in the Concurrent List and thereafter, a revised draft framed by the Drafting Committee was then placed before the President of the Constituent Assembly on 3rd Nov. 1949 along with further suggestion that the Committee had included new entry price control in List III with a view to invest Parliament and also the State Legislature to control the prices. (See Framing of the Constitution by Rao Pages 749 and 750).

(15) THEREAFTER the relevant entries as contained in the Seventh Schedule of the Draft Constitution were as under:-List-IList-IIList-IIIEntry 52: Industries the control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in thepublic interest. Entry-24: Industries subject to the provisions of Entry 52 List-I. Entry-33: Trade and commerce in, and the production supplies and distribution of the products of industries where the control of such industries, by the Union is declared by law to be expedient in the public interest. Entry-26: Trade and commerce within the State subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List 111. Entry 27: Production supply and distribution of goods subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of the List III. Entry 34: price control. This Constituent Assembly debate shows that initially Ministry of Industries and Supply as well as Sarvsri Shibban Lal Saxena and Shyama Prasad Mukhetjee suggested that the subject of trade, commerce and production, supply and distribution of the controlled industries should be matter of Union List. However, it was not agreed upon and the subject of trade, commerce and production, supply and distribution of the product of the controlled industries was transferred as Entry 33 of List III of Seventh Schedule and pries control of such commodities was placed exclusive in the field of Entry 34 of List III of Seventh Schedule. From this it is clear that the subject matter relating to trade, commerce and production, supply and distribution of the product of the controlled industries and fixation of price is not subject matter of Entry 52 of List I but it is in the field of Entry 33 and Entry 34 of List III of Seventh Schedule.

(16) THIS aspect can be examined from another angle namely seeing the history of the legislative development of enactment on the subject trade commerce and production, supply and distribution of the product. Under the Government of India Act 1935, trade and commerce and production, supply and distribution of goods was within the competence of the State. On the out-break of second world war emergency was promulgated in this country, as a result of which the subject matter relating to provincial field became the concurrent subject. After the emergency was lifted, the power to enact on subject of trade, commerce and production, supply and distribution was given to the Central legislature under India (Central Government and Legislature) Act 1946 and it is under this provision the Essential Supplies (Temporary) powers Act 1946 and Supply and Prices of Goods Act, 1950 were enacted by the Central Legislature the duration of which was till 13-3-1948. Thereafter under the Indian Independence Act which came into effect on 18-7-1947 the power to legislate by the Dominion Legislature was entrusted to the Constituent Assembly. Consequently by the resolution of the Constituent Assembly the life of Essential Supplies (Temporary) powers Act, 1946 was extended up to 26-1-1950. Since the Constitution was coming into force with effect from 26-1-1950 and the Parliament and State Legislature were to be constituted under the provisions of the Constitution, hence an Article namely 369 was inserted in the Constitution which empowered the Parliament to make laws with respect to trade acid commerce within a State and the production, supply and distribution of certain specified products covered by Entries 26 and 27 of List II by treating the matters as if they were enumerated in the concurrent list. However, this power was exercisable only for a limited period: of five years. Since the life of Essential Supplies (Temporary) powers Act 1946 was to come to an end on expiry of five year from the date of commencement of Constitution, the Parliament. inserted Section 180 in the by Central Act No. 26 of 1953. The object and reason of Act No. 26 of 1953 which inserted Section 18g in the clearly states that since the life of Essential Supplies (Temporary) powers Act 1946 and Supply and Prices of Goods Act, 1950 is precarious Section 18g is being enacted. It is relevant to notice that in the year 1953 if the Parliament was to make laws on trade, commerce in and production supply and distribution of the products of controlled industries, then it could have made such law under Entry 33 of List III, which is a concurrent list. The object of the Central Act 26 of 1953 clearly shows that Section 18g of the is not referable to Entry 52 of List I. Further there is an apparent evidence to the effect that Section 18g of the is referable to Entry 33 of List III of the Seventh Schedule. The explanation appended to Section 18g of the shows that shows that Section 18g relates to imported Articles also. Entry 52 of List I does not provide making law on imported articles. However, Entry 33 (a) of List III provides for regulation of imported goods akin to the product of the controlled industries. This shows that Section 18g of the is referable to Entry 33 (a) of List III of the Seventh Schedule. Thus, seeing the history of the legislative developments in respect of production, trade and commerce, supply and distribution of the product of the controlled industries, it is clear that prior to coming into force of Government of India Act it was State subject and subsequently after enforcement of the Constitution it became a concurrent subject empowering the Parliament as well as State legislature to enact law on the subject.

(17) THE argument of Sri Shanti Bhushan,senior Advocate can be examined from other angle also, namely in the light of structure/ design and inter relationship of various Entries in List I, II and III of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. Entry 24 of List II relates to industries subject to the provisions of Entries 7 and 52 of List I. There are further entries namely Entry Nos. 26 and 27 in List II of Seventh Schedule. Entry 26 is a field for legislation on the subject of trade and commerce within the State, subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List III. Entry 27 is a field for enactment on the subject of production, Supply and Distribution of goods subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List III. It is not disputed that the State Legislature is competent to enact law on the subject industries subject to Entries 7 and 52 of List I of Seventh Schedule. If the State has to make further law on trade and commerce and production supply and distribution of goods, it would be referable to Entry 26 and 27 of List II of Seventh Schedule. This shows that trade and commerce within the State and production, supply and distribution of goods are not implicit in the subject industries which is Entry 24 of List II. However, if the Parliament passes an Act under Entry 52 of List I declaring that certain industry is a controlled industry then the contents of Entry 24 of List 11 stand transferred to Entry 52 of List I denying the State. Legislature power to enact law on the subject to the extent control of such industry has been assumed. If the Parliament has to make law on trade, commerce in and production, supply and distribution of products of industries where the control of such industries is declared by the Parliament to be expedient in the public interest and price control, then the field of Legislation is to be found in Entries 33 and 34 of List III of Seventh Schedule. The Entry 52 itself is not a field of Legislation of Parliament on subject of trade and commerce in and supplies and distribution and production of the controlled industries. If the argument of counsel for the petitioner is accepted most of Entries in List II and List III would be meaningless. Once Parliament makes a declaration under Entry 52 of List 1, for instance Entries 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 which deal with economic and social planning, commercial and industrial and labour disputes, social security and social insurance, welfare labour including provident fund etc. respectvely would be redundant. Neither it was the intention of the framer, of the Constitution, nor the said contention is born out from the perusal of Entry 52 and the other Entries of List II and III of Seventh Schedule.

(18) IT is well accepted that the provisions of Constitution must be interpreted in the light of the basic feature of the Constitution. Federaliam has been accepted as one of the basic features of our Constitution. In S. R. Bommai v. Union of India, (AIR 1994 SC 1918 [LQ/SC/1994/326] ) it was held as thus:"federalism envisaged in the Constitution of India is a basic feature in which the Union of India is permanent within the territorial limits set in Article I of the Constitution and is indestructible. The State is the creature of the Constitution and the law made by Arts. 2 to 4 with no territorial integrity, but a permanent entity with its boundaries alterable by a law made by the Parliament. Neither the relative importance of the legislative entries in Schedule VII, List I and II of the Constitution, nor the fiscal control by the Union per se are decisive to conclude that the Constitution is unitary. The respective legislative powers are traceable to Arts. 245 to 254 of the Constitution. The status quo the Constitution is federal in structure and independent in the exercise of legislative and executive power. . . . . . . . . . . . The fact that under the scheme of our Constitution, greater power is conferred upon the Centre vis-a-vis the States does not mean that States are mere appendages of the Centre. With the sphere allotted to them, States are supreme. The Centre cannot tamper with their powers. More particularly, the Courts should not adopt on approach, an interpretation, which has the effect of or trends to have the effect of whittling down the powers reserved to the States. It is a matter of common knowledge that over the last several decades, the trend the world over is towards strengthening of Central Governments be it the result of advances in technological/ scientific that even in USA the Centre has become far more powerful notwithstanding the obvious bias in that Constitution in favour of the States. All this must put the Court on guard against any conscious whittling down of the powers of the States. Let it be said that the federalism in the Indian Constitution is not a matter of administrative convenience, but one of principle-the outcome of our own historical process and a recognition of the ground realities. "

(19) IF the argument of the learned counsel for the petitioner is accepted then it would rob the powers of the State Legislature either under List II or List III of Seventh Schedule as and when the Parliament merely makes a declaration in respect of industries to be controlled by the Union under Entry 52 of List I of the Constitution. This argument of the learned counsel for the petitioner is directly opposed to the federalism which is basic feature of the Constitution.

(20) THE controversy at hand has been subject matter of decisions of this Court as well as of the appex Court. In the case of Tika Ram Ji v. State of U. P. (AIR 1856 SC 676) the validity of U. P. Sugarcane (Regulation of Stock and Produce) Act 1953 was challenged and it was argued that the State Legislature has no competence to enact the impugned Act as the impugned Act was with respect to the subject of industries, the control of which by the Union was declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest within the meaning of Entry 52 of List I of Seventh Schedule and was, therefore, within the exclusive domain of the Parliament. The Court considered the Scheme of distribution of Legislative power in Lists II and III of Seventh Schedule and has held as thus:-" 18. Production, supply and distribution of goods was no doubt within the exclusive sphere of the State Legislature but it was subject to the provisions of Entry 33 of List III which gave concurrent powers of legislation to the Union as well as the States in the matter of trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of, the products of industries where the control of such industries by the Union was declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. The controlled industries were relegated to Entry 52 of List I which was the exclusive province of Parliament leaving the other industries within Entry 24 of List 2 which was the exclusive province of the State Legislature. The products of industries which were comprised in Entry 24 of List 2 were dealt with by the State Legislatures which had under Entry 27 of that list. Power to legislate in regard to the production, supply and distribution of goods, goods according to the definition contained in Art. 366 (12) including all raw materials, commodities and articles. When, however, it came to the products of the controlled industries comprised in Entry 52 of List 1, trade and commerce in, and production, supply and distribution of these goods became the subject matter of Entry 33 of List 3 and both Parliament and the State Legislatures had jurisdiction to legislate in regard thereto. The amendment of Entry 33 of List 3 by the Constitution Third Amendment Act, 1954, only enlarged the scope of that Entry without in any manner whatever detracting from the legislative competence of Parliament and the State Legislature to legislate in regard to the same. If the matters has stood there, the sugar industry being a controlled industry, legislation with regard to the same would have been in the exclusive province of Parliament and production, supply and distribution of the product of sugar industry, viz. , sugar as a finished product would have been within Entry 33 of List 3. Sugarcane would certainly not have been comprised within Entry 33 of List 3 as it was not the product of sugar industry which was a controlled industry. It was only after the amendment of Entry 33 of List 3 by the Constitution Third Amendment Act, 1954 that food-stuffs including edible oil-seeds and oils came to be included within that list and it was possible to legislate in regard to sugarcane, having recourse to Entry 33 of List 3. Save for that, sugarcane, being goods, fell directly within Entry 27 of List 2 and was within the exclusive jurisdiction of the State legislature. Production, Supply and distribution of sugarcane being thus within the exclusive sphere of the State Legislatures, the U, P. State Legislature would be without anything more, competent to legislate in regard to the same and the impugned Act would be intra vires the State Legislature. "

(21) IN this case it was argued that the word industry if read widely, would include not only the process of manufacture or production-but also activities attached thereto such as acquisition of raw materials and disposal of finished products of that industry. While rejecting the argument the Supreme Court held as thus:-"19. The argument, however, was that the word industry- was a word of wide import and should be construed as including not only the process of manufacture or production but also activities antecedent thereto such as acquisition of raw materials and subsequent thereto such as disposal of the finished products of that industry. ""24. . . . Industry in the wide sense of the term would be capable of comprising three different aspects: (1) raw materials which are an integral part of the industrial process, (2) the process of manufacture or production, and (3) the distribution of the products of the industry. The raw materials would be goods which would be comprised in Entry 27 of List 2. The process of manufacture or production would be comprised in Entry 24 of the List 2 except where the industry was a controlled industry when it would fall within Entry 52 of List 1 and the products of the industry would also be comprised in Entry 27 of List 2 except where they were the products of the controlled industries when they would fall within Entry 33 of List 3. This being the position, it cannot be said that the legislation which was enacted by the Centre in regard to sugar and sugarcane would fall within Entry 52 of List I. Before sugar industry became a controlled industry, both sugar and sugarcane fell within Entry 27 of List 2 but after a declaration was made by Parliament in 1951 by Act 65 of 1951, sugar industry became a controlled industry and the product of that industry, viz. sugar was comprised in Entry 33 of List 3 taking it out of Entry 27 of List 2. Even so, the Centre as well as the Provincial Legislatures had concurrent jurisdiction in regard to the same.

(22) IN Calcutta Gas Company Ltd. v. State of West Bengal (AIR 1962 SC 1044 [LQ/SC/1962/53] ) the Supreme Court following the decision in Tike Ramji case (supra) held as thus : (10) The first question that occurs to ones mind is what is the meaning of the expression "industry" in Entry 24 of List II Is it different from the meaning of that expression in Entry 52 of List I Whatever be its connotation, it must bear the same meaning in both the entries, for the two entries are so interconnected that conflicting or different meanings given to them would snap the connection. Entry 24 is subject to the provisions of Entry 7 and Entry 52 of List I, Entry 7 of List I provides for industries declared by Parliament by law to be necessary for the purpose of defence or for the prosecution of war and Entry 52 for industries the control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest. Therefore, ordinarily industry is in the field of State legislation; but if Parliament by law makes a relevant declaration or declarations, the industry or industries so declared would be taken of its field and passed on to Parliament. In the premises the expression "industry" in all the entries must be given the same meaning. Now, what is the meaning of the word "industry" In Ch. Tika Ramji v. State of Uttar Paradesh, 1956 SCR 393 [LQ/SC/1956/37] ; (S) AIR 1956 SC 676 [LQ/SC/1956/37] ), the expression "industries" is defined to mean the process of manufacture or production and does not include the raw materials used in the industry or the distribution of the products of the industry. It was contended that the word "industry" was a word of wide import and should be construed as including not only the process of manufacture or production but also activities antecedent thereto such as acquisition of raw materials and subsequent thereto such as disposal of the finished products of that industry. But that contention was not accepted. . . . . . . "

(23) IN the case of A. K. Jain v. Union ofindia (AIR 1970 SC 267 [LQ/SC/1969/231] ) the Sugarcane (Control) Order 1955 was challenged and the Supreme Court following the decision of Tika Ramji case (supra) held as under :"7. The next contention of the learned counsel for the appellant was that the Parliament had no competence to enact any law relating to the control of sugarcane as that subject is within the exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the State, the same being part of agriculture. This contention is again unsustainable in view of Entry 33 of List III of the Constitution which empowers the Parliament to legislate in respect of production, supply and distribution of food-stuffs. It is not disputed that the Parliament had declared by law that it is expedient in the public interest that it should exercise control over foodstuffs. That being so it was well within the competence of Parliament to enact the and hence the power conferred on the Government under Section 3 of thecannot be challenged as invalid. "

(24) IN the case of Harakchand Ratan Chand Banthia v. Union of India (AIR 1970 SC 1463) the competence of Parliament to enact Gold Control Act was challenged. The Supreme Court following the decision in Tika Ramji case (supra) held as under :"7. . . . . But we are satisfied in the present case that the manufacture of Gold ornaments by goldsmiths in India is a "process of systematic production" for trade or manufacture and so falls within the connotation of the word "industry" in the appropriate legislative entries. It follows therefore, that in enacting the impugned Act Parliament was validly exercising its legislative powers in respect of matters covered by Entry 52 of List I and Entry 33 of List III. "

(25) IN the case of the Kannan Devan Mills Produce Company Ltd. v. The State of Kerala (AIR 1972 SC 2301 [LQ/SC/1972/265] ) the Kannan Devan Hills (Resumption of Lands) Act was challenged on the ground that it is beyond the legislative competence of the State Legislature. In this case also the Supreme Court following the decision in Tika Ramji case (AIR 1956 SC 676 [LQ/SC/1956/37] ) (supra) held as thus:"the State has legislative competence to legislate on Entry 18, List II and Entry 42, List III. This power cannot be denied on the ground that it has some effect on an industry controlled under Entry 52, List I. Effect is not the same thing as subject matter. If a State Act, otherwise valid, has effect on a matter in List I, if does not cease to be a legislation with respect to an Entry in List or List III. "

(26) IN Ganga Sugar Corporation Ltd. v. The State of U. P. (AIR 1980 SC 286 [LQ/SC/1979/385] ) the validity of Sugarcane (Purchase Tax) Act was challenged as beyond the competence of State Legislature. The Supreme Court following the decision in the case of Tika Ramji (supra) upheld the validity of the. It was held that the subject matter of sales tax covered by Entry 54 of List I I and cannot be included in Entry 52 of List I as Entry 54. List I I was separate and independent field.

(27) IN M/s. Mosco Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India (AIR 1986 SC 76) a question arose as to whether hospital and dispensary come within the meaning of industry or not, the Supreme Court following the decision in Tika Ramji case held as under:". . . . . . . . . . Then we have the expression industry in Entry 52 of List I, Entry 24 of List II and Entry of List III of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. The said expression in these entries does not include trade or commerce of distribution of goods which are found elsewhere in the said Lists. What is of significance is that in List II hospitals and dispensaries are specifically referred to in Entry 6 and they cannot, therefore, possibly fall under Entry 24 thereof which refers to industries. As observed by this Court in Ch. Tika Ramji v. State of U. P. , 1956 SCR 393 [LQ/SC/1956/37] at p. 420: (AIR 1956 SC 676 [LQ/SC/1956/37] at p. 695) industry :in the wide sense of the term would be capable of comprising three different aspect: (1) raw materials which are an intergral part of the industrial process, (2) the process of manufacture or products of the industry. But raw materials are dealt with by Entry 27 of List II, the process of manufacture or production by Entry 24 of List II except where the industry is a controlled industry when it would fall under Entry 52 of List I and the products of the industry would fall under Entry 27 of List II except where they are products of controlled industry when they would fall under Entry 33 of List III. "

(28) IN B. Viswanathian and Company v. State of Karnataka (1991 (3) SCC 358 [LQ/SC/1991/74] ) Karnataka Silk Act (Amendment), 1974 was challenged on the ground that the impugned Act is beyond the legislative competence of the State. The Supreme Court following its earlier decision in the cases of Tika Ramji, Harak Chand, Ganga Sugar, Kannan Devan and Calcutta Gas Company (supra) held as thus:"the present legislation, as a result of the amendments, controls the supply and distribution of the goods produced by the industry. As rightly pointed out by the High Court this is the third aspect of the industry which falls outside the purview of the control postulated under Entry 52. In other words, though the production and manufacture of raw silk cannot be legislated upon by the State Legislature in view of the provisions of the Central Act and the declaration in Section 2 thereof, that declaration and Entry 52 do not in any way limit the powers of the State Ligislature to legislate in respect of the goods produced by the silk industry. To interpret Entry 52 otherwise would render Entry 33 in List III of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution otiose and meaningless. In this view of the matter the limitation contained in Entry 52 does not affect the validity of the present legislation. This is an aspect which was not touched upon and which did not arise in the Indian Tobacco Case. There both the Central Act and the State Act purported to legislate in regard to the industry, namely, in regard to the production and manufacture of tobacco. "

(29) IN the case of Indian Aluminimum Co. Ltd, v. Karnataka Electricity Board (1992 (3) SCC 580 [LQ/SC/1992/402] ) it was held that the products of controlled industry are referable to Entry 33 of List III of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.

(30) IN Bileshwar Khand Udhog Khedut Sahkari Mandali Ltd. v. State of Gujarat (AIR 1992 SC 872 [LQ/SC/1992/96] ) the levy imposed under Section 58a of Bombay Prohibition Act was challenged as ultra vires. The Supreme Court upheld the validity of the on the ground that such a provision is relatable to Entry 33 of List III of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.

(31) IN the case of M/s. Sita Ram and Bros. v. State of Rajasthan (Judgment Today 1994 (6) SC 629) Section 17a and class Molasses added to Section 41 (2) (d) of the Rajasthan Excise Act, 1950 as amended by Rajasthan Excise Amendment Act 8, 1985 were impugned on the ground that molasses being raw material of sugar is within the occupied field of legislation under I. D. R. Act. Repelling the argument the Supreme Court held as thus. "2. . . . . . . . Entry 3 of the concurrent List gives power to the Parliament as well as the State Legislature to enact law regulating trade and commerce in, and production supply and distribution of (a) the production of any industry where the control of such industry by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to expedient in the public interest and imported goods, of the same kind as such products. Therefore, the Parliament as well as the State Legislature have been given the power to enact a law regulating trade and commerce in and production, supply and distribution of the product of any industry "obviously dealt with under Entry 52 of the Union List. "the question involved in this case is identical to the question before me and this decision in my opinion, settle the controversy in the present case.

(32) APPLYING the principles propounded by the apex Court in the cases mentioned above, it is apparent that the State Legislature is competent to make law in respect of the subject industries under Entry 24 of the List II subject to Entries 7 and 52 of List I of the Seventh Schedule and is further competent to enact law on the subject "trade and commerce within the State and Production, supply and distribution of goods," under Entry 26 and Entry 27 of List II subject to Entry 33 of List III of Seventh Schedule of to Constitution. But on declaration under Entry 52 of List I by Parliament in respect of the industries the control of which by the Union is by law held to be expedient in the public interest, three consequences flow. Firstly, on declaration by Parliament in respect of controlled industries the power of State Legislature to legislate under Entry 24 of List II shifts to Entry 52 of List I to the extent of control provided in the. The second result which follows upon declaration is that the power to enact law by State Legislature under Entry 26 and Entry 27 of the List II of Seventh Schedule becomes part of Entry 33 of List III which is a concurrent list. Third consequence that follows on declaration is that the products of the controlled industries would fell within Entry 33 of List III.

(33) THE controversy before me, if examined seeing the constitutional debate, history of legislation, structure and design of the relevant entries and also keeping in view the basic structure of the Constitution, the only irresistible conclusion is that Section 18g of the IDR Act is referable to Entry 33 of List III of the Seventh Schedule. Since the power to enact in respect of production, supply and distribution of products of the controlled industries being a concurrent subject, the U. P. Legislature is competent to enact the Adhiniyam of 1964.

(34) IN this context the next argument of Sri Shanti Bhushan, Senior counsel is that the Parliament having declared that the Sugar Industry is a controlled industry and in pursuance thereof having enacted Section 180 in the, the field of Legislation became occupied field. Sri Shanti Bhushan, Senior counsel referred to expressions "notwithstanding"; "with respect to" and "subject to" employed in Article 246 of the Constitution. On the strength of these expressions the learned counsel argued that since the power of State Legislature is subject to the power of the Parliament and as such the Adhiniyam in ultra vires. Learned counsel in support of his argument relied upon two decisions of the Supreme Court (1) in Ishwari Khetan Sugar Mills v. State of U. P. (AIR 1980 SC 1955 [LQ/SC/1980/160] ) and (2) Ganga Sugar Corporation v. State of U. P. (AIR 1980 SC 286 [LQ/SC/1979/385] ) in support of his argument.

(35) SRI Sudhir Chandra, Senior Advocate argued one step ahead. His argument is that if the Parliament enacts law under Entry 52 of List I, the legislation by the State Legislature under Entry 33 of List III is obliterated. According to Sri Sudhir Chandra since Entry 52 of List I and Entry 33 of List III are overlapping entries and if this interpretation is not given, then nothing would be left under Entry 52 of List I for Parliament to legislate excepting the provision for granting licence to the sugar industries. Sri Sudhir Chandra relied upon decisions in the cases of A. L. S. P. P. L. Sabhrahmanyan Chettier v. Muttuswami Gounden (AIR 1941 FC 47 [LQ//1940/1] ), Attorney General of Alberta v. Attorney General of Canada (AIR 1943 PC 76 [LQ/PC/1943/6] ), Governor General in Council v. Province of Madras (AIR 1945 PC 98 [LQ/PC/1945/3] ), The Attorney General of Saskatchewan v. Attorney General of Canada (AIR 1949 PC 190 [LQ/PC/1948/87] ), Indu Bhusan Bose v. Rama Sundari Debi (AIR 1970 SC 228 [LQ/SC/1969/202 ;] ">AIR 1970 SC 228 [LQ/SC/1969/202 ;] [LQ/SC/1969/202 ;] ) and Bharat Cooking v. State of Bihar (1990 IV SCC 557).

(36) ON the other hand, Sri Rakesh Dwivadi learned Addl. Government Advocate General while maintaining the supremacy of the Parliament argued that expressions "notwithstanding", "with respect to" and "subject to" used in Article 246 of the Constitution can only be pressed into service when there is a real conflict between the Legislations under Entry in List I of the Seventh Schedule on one hand and List II and List III on the other hand and further if the conflict cannot be avoided. In support of his argument, the learned counsel relied upon a number of decisions which I shall notice hereinafter.

(37) I first proceed to notice the cases referred to by Sri Sudhir Chandra, learned Senior Counsel. In the case of A. L. P. P. L. Sabhrahmanyan Chettiar v. Muttuswami Goundan, AIR 1941 FC 47 [LQ//1940/1] (supra) the passage relied upon by the learned counsel for the petitioner from the judgment of justice Sulaiman is as follows: -. . . . . If a subject falls exclusively in Lists II, and no other list, than the power of the Provincial Legislatures is supreme. But if it does also fall within List I, then it must be deemed as if it is not included in List II at all. Similarly, if it also falls in List III, it must be deemed to have been excluded from List II. The dominant position of the Central Legislature with regard to matters in List I and List III is thus established. But the regour of the literal interpretation is relaxed by the use of the words "with respect to" which only signify "pith and substance and do not forbid a mere incidental encroachment. " "

(38) IN the case of Attorney General Alberta v. Attorney General Canada, AIR 1941 FC 47 [LQ//1940/1] (supra), the passage relied upon is as under:-"it follows that legislation coming in pith and substance within one of the classes specially enumerated in Section 911 is beyond the legislative competence of the provincial Legislatures under Section 92. In such a case it is immaterial whether the Dominion has or has not dealt with the subject by legislation or to use other will-know words, whether that legislative field has or has not been occupied by the legislation of the Dominion Parliament. The Dominion has been given exclusive legislative authority as to "all matters coming within the classes of subject" enumerated under 29 heads, and the contention that, unless and until the Dominion Parliament legislates on any such matter the Provinces are competent to legislate, is, therefore, unsound :in the case of Governor General in Council v. Madras Province, AIR 1945 PC 98 [LQ/PC/1945/3] (supra) the passage relied upon is as under:-". . . . . . The third reason thus stated rests on the opening words of Section 100 (1), Constitution Act, "notwithstanding anything in the two next succeeding sub-sections" and the opening words of Section 100 (8) "subject to the two preceding sub-sections. " Their Lordships do not doubt that the effect of these words is that, if the legislative powers of the Federal and Provincial Legislatures, which are enumerated in List I and List 2 of Sch. 7, cannot fairly be reconciled, the latter must give way to the former. "

(39) IN the case of Attorney General of Saskatchewan v. A. G. of Canada, AIR 1949 PC 190 [LQ/PC/1948/87] (supra) the passage relied upon is as under :"where the Dominion has an exclusive power to legislate in respect of Interest, a provincial statute which varies the stipulation in a contract as to the rate of interest to be exacted would not be consonant with the existence and exercise of the exclusive Dominion power to legislate in respect of interest. The Dominion power would likewise be invaded if the provincial enactment was directed to postponing the contractual date for the payment of interest without altering the rate for this would equally be legislating in respect of interest. "

(40) IN the case of Indu Bhusan v. Rama Sundari, AIR 1970 SC 228 [LQ/SC/1969/202 ;] ">AIR 1970 SC 228 [LQ/SC/1969/202 ;] [LQ/SC/1969/202 ;] (supra) the passage relied upon is as follows :"the General power of legislating in respect of relationship between landlord and tenant exercisable by a State Legislature either under Entry 18 of List 11 of Entries 6 and 7 of List III is subject to the overriding power of Parliament in respect of matters in List I, so that the effect of Entry 3 of List I is that, on the subject of relationship between landlord and tenant insofar as it arises in respect of house accommodation situated in cantonment areas, Parliament alone can legislate and not the State Legislatures. "

(41) IN this connection it is appropriate to note here the decisions relied upon by the learned Addl. Advocate General in support of this submission :in the case of Ralla Ram v. Province of East Punjab (AIR 1949 FC 81 [] ) it was held that where there is an apparent conflict between an Act of the Federal Legislature and an Act of the Provincial Legislature, the Court must try to ascertain the pith and substance or the true nature and character of the confliction provisions, and before an Act is declared utra vires, there should be anattempt to reconcile the two conflicting jurisdictions and only if such a reconciliation is proved impossible, the impugned Act should be declared invalid.

(42) IN the case of State of Bombay v. P. N. Balsara (AIR 1951 SC 318 [LQ/SC/1951/43] ) it was held that the principles which govern the interpretation of the Legislative List, one is that none of the items in each List is to be read in a narrow or restricted sense and the second is that where there is a seeming conflict between an entry in List II and an entry in List I, an attempt should be made to see whether the two entries can be reconciled so as to avoid a conflict of jurisdiction.

(43) IN the case of M. P. V. Sundararamier and Comapny v. The State of Andhra Pradesh (AIR 1958 SC 468 [LQ/SC/1958/21] ) it was held that there is another rule of construction also well settled that Entries in two Legislative Lists must be construed if possible so as to avoid a conflict.

(44) IN the case of State of Rajasthan v. G. Chawla (AIR 1959 SC 544 [LQ/SC/1958/167] ) it was held that where there is a conflict between rival lists, it is necessary to examine the impugned legislation and if in pith and substance it falls within an Entry or Entries conferring legislative powers, the legislation is valid, a slight transgression upon a rival List, notwithstanding.

(45) IN Sudhir Chandra Nawn v. Wealthtax Officer, Calcutta (AIR 1969 SC 59 [LQ/SC/1968/130] ) it was held as thus :". . . . Exclusive power to legislate conferred upon Parliament is exercisable, not withstanding anything contained in Cls. (2) and (3), that is made more emphatic by provisioning in Clause (3) that the Legislature of any State has exclusive power to make laws for such State or any part thereof with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List 11 in the Seventh Schedule but subject to Cls. (1) and (2). Exclusive power of the State Legislature has therefore, to be exercised subject to clause (1) i. e. the exclusive power which the Parliament has in respect of the matter enumerated in List I. Assuming that there is a conflict between Entry 86, List I and Entry 49, List II which is not capable of reconciliation, the power of Parliament to legislate in respect of a matter which is exclusively entrusted to it must supersede portent the exercise of power of the State Legislature. The problem viewed from any angle is incapable of a decision in favour of the assessee. "

(46) IN the case of Harakchand Ratanchand Banthia v. Union of India (AIR 1970 SC 1453 [LQ/SC/1969/206] ) it was held as under:". . . . It is well established that the widest amplitude should be given to the language of the entries. But some of the entries in the different lists or in the same list may overlap or may appear to be ibe in direct conflict with each other. It is then the duty of this Court to reconcile the entries and bring about a harmonious construction. In in re the Central Provinces and Berar Sales of Motor Spirit and Lubricant Taxation Act, 1938, 1939 FCR 18 : (AIR 1939 FC 1 [LQ//1938/1 ;] ">AIR 1939 FC 1 [LQ//1938/1 ;] [LQ//1938/1 ;] ) Sir Maurice Gwyer proceeded to State:"

(47) IN the Kerala State Electricity Board v. Indian Aluminium Company Ltd. (AIR 1976 SC 1031 [LQ/SC/1975/320] ) it was held as thus:"the words "notwithstanding" in clause (1) and "subject to" in clause (3) mean that where an entry in general term in List II and part of that entry is in specific term in List I, the entry in List I takes effect notwithstanding the entry in List II. This is also on the principle that the special excludes the general and the general entry in List II in subject to the special entry in List I. Further more, the word , notwithstanding , in clause (1) also means that if it is not possible to reconcile the two entries, the entry in List I will prevail. But before that happens attempt should be made to decide in which List a particular legislation falls for deciding under which entry a particular legislation falls the theory of "pith and substance" has been evolved by the Courts. If in pith and substance a legislation falls within one List on the other but some portion of the subject-matter of that legislation incidentally trenches upon and might come to fall under another List, the as a whole could be valid notwithstanding such incidental trenching case law discussed. "in M/ s. Hoechst Pharmaceutical Ltd. v. State of Bihar (AIR 1983 SC 1019 [LQ/SC/1983/143] ) it was held as thus:"the word "notwithstanding anything contained in Clauses (2) and (3), in Article 246 (1) and the words "subject to Cls. (1) and (2)" in Art. 246 (3) lay down the principle of Federal Supremacy viz. that in case of inevitable conflict between Union and State powers, the Union power as enumerated in List I shall prevail over the State power as enumerated in Lists II and III, and in case of overlapping between Lists II and III, the former shall prevail. But the principle of Federal Supremacy laid down in Article 246 of the Constitution cannot be resorted to unless there is an "irreconcilable" conflict between the Entries in the Union and State Lists. In the case of a seeming conflict between the Entries in the two Lists, the Entries should be read together without giving a narrow and restricted sense to either of them. Secondly, an attempt should be made to see whether the two entries cannot be reconciled so as to avoid a conflict of jurisdiction. It should be considered whether a fair reconciliation can be achieved by giving to the language of the Union Legislative List a meaning which, if less wide than it might in another context bear, is yet one that can properly be given to it and equally giving to the language of the State Legislative List a meaning which it can properly bear. The nonobstante clause in Article 246 (1) must operate only if such reconciliation should prove impossible. Thirdly, no question of conflict between the two Lists will arise if the impugned legislation, by the application of the doctrine of pith and substance appears to fall exclusively under one List, and the encroachment upon another list is only incidental. "

(48) ON perusal of decisions referred to above the principle that flow are these: Firstly, the words "notwithstanding anything contained" in clauses (1) and (2) of Article 246 and the words "subject to" used in clauses (2) and (3) of Article 246 show the supremacy of Parliament namely when there is any conflict between the Union and the State power, the Union power enumerated in List I shall prevail over the State power mentioned in Lists II and III and in case of overlapping between Lists II and III, the former shall prevail. Secondly, however, before the Court decides the supremacy of Parliament, there should be an effort by the Court to reconcile the conflict between the entries in the Union and the State Lists. The non-obstante clause in Article 246 (1) and (2) operates only when such reconciliation between the two entries is not possible, thirdly, where the competence of State Legislature is challenged, the Court should not proceed with the supremacy of Parliament by employing expressions notwithstanding and subject to and the Court should consider the scope of the entries under which the legislation has been enacted, fourthly, there would be no conflict between the two lists if on the application of doctrine of pith and substance, the legislation falls exclusively in one List and the tresspass is only incidental and fifthly the general entry in one list of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution is not to be interpreted as to obliterate the subject-matter of a specific entry in other list.

(49) AS seen earlier the State Legislature is competent to legislate on the subject "industries" under Entry 24 of List II subject to Entries 7 and 52 of List I, State Legislature has further power to legislate on the subject trade and commerce within the State, production, supply and distribution of goods under Entries 26 and 27 of List II subject to Entry 33 of List III. But if the Parliament makes a declaration in respect of the controlled industries in Entry 52 of List I, the subject "industry" is taken out from Entry 24 of List II to the extent control is provided and stands transferred to Entry 52, List I. Further on such declaration the subject-matter of Entries 26 and 27 of List II shifts to Entry 33 of List II which is a concurrent list and further if the Parliament enacts the law on the subject trade and commerce in and the production, supply and distribution of the products of any controlled industries, it would be referable to Entry 33 of List III. In this background, if we apply the principle deduced from the decisions cited by the learned counsel for the parties it would be found that Section 18g ofthe I. D. R. Act is referable to Entry 33 of List III. It is no more in doubt now that various provisions of the may be referable to different entries and not necessarily confined to a particular entry. Section 18g, a provision being of concurrent list, no question of any conflict between the Parliamentary Act and the Adhiniyam of 1964 enacted by U. P. Legislature arises. The Adhiniyam of 1964 enacted by U. P. Legislature is in pith and substance a legislation under Entry 33 of List III which is a concurrent list and the assent of President having been obtained, the State Act shall prevail over the of Parliament. The legislation by the U. P. State Legislature is in pith and substance not a legislation on occupied field and, therefore, the expressions "notwithstanding anything contained" and "subject to" occurring in Article 246 are of no assistance to the payment of the learned counsel for the petitioner.

(50) THE expressions "notwithstanding" and "subject to" employed in Article 246 cannot be construed to contain a power in Parliament to override the Entries of List 11 and List III with respect to which the State Legislature can legislate. In fact these expressions are only resorted to when there is seeming conflict between the two entries when the two legislations cannot co-exist and cannot be reconciled. Once it is found that legislation in pith and substance falls with respect to a particular entry, the rigor of "subject to" employed in Clauses (2) and (3) of Article 246 of the Constitution is relaxed. I am, therefore, of the opinion that the expressions "notwithstanding" "with respect to" and "subject to" in Article 246 of the Constitution is of no help to the argument of the learned counsel for the petitioner.

(51) BEFORE I part with this argument it is necessary to notice the case of Ishwar Khetan Sugar Mills (P.) Ltd. v. State of U. P. (AIR 1980 SC 1955 [LQ/SC/1980/160] ) strongly relied upon by Sri Shanti Bhushan, Senior Advocate. The passages relied upon by the learned counsel for the petitioner are extracted below :"6. . . . . . . A mere declaration unaccompanied by law is incompatible with Entry 52, List I. A declaration for assuming control of specified industries coupled with law assuming control is a pre-requisite for taking legislative action under Entry 52, List I. The declaration and the legislation pursuance to declaration to that extent denude the power of State legislature to legislate under Entry 24, List II. Therefore, the erosion of the power of the State Legislature to legislate in respect of declared industry would not occur merely by declaration but by the enactment consequent on the declaration prescribing the extent and scope of control. ""10. . . . . . Such law must prescribe the extent of control, the manner of its exercise and enforcement and consequence of breach. There is no such concept as abstract control. The control has to be concrete and the mode and method of its exercise must be regulated by law. . . . . . ". . . . . . Legislative intention has to be gathered from the as a whole and not by piecemeal examination of its provisions. It would, therefore, be reasonable to hold that the extent Union acquired control by virtue of declaration in S. 2 of the LD. R. Act as amended from time to time the power of the State Legislature under Entry 24, List II to enact any

legislation in respect of declared industry so as to encroach upon the field of control occupied by LD. R. Act would be taken away. . . . . . ""23. . . . . . . The power of the State Legislature to legislate for acquisition of property remains intact and untrammelled except to the extent whereon assumption of control of an industry by a declaration as envisaged in Entry 52 of List I, further power of acquisition is taken over by specific legislation. "

(52) ON the strength of these passages, the learned counsel-for the petitioner argued that if there had been specific provision in the LD. R. Act providing for acquisition, then

Entry 42, List III would not have been available to the State Legislature and the judgment in Ishwari Khetans case would have been otherwise. Meaning thereby that since there is a specific legislation like Section 18-G in the I. D. R. Act the power of the State legislature to enact the Adhiniyam of 1964 under Entry 33 of List III is not available and as such, there is a conflict between the State and Union enactments. Ishwari Khetan Sugar Mill, AIR 1980 SC 1955 [LQ/SC/1980/160] (supra) was a case where the validity of the U. P. Sugar Undertaking Acquisition Act was challenged on the ground of lack of competence by the U. P. State Legislature. In this case the Supreme Court was of the view that Entry 52 of List I by itself does not spell out a field of legislation. In fact Entry 52, List I comes into being when there is a declaration made by the Parliament by law in respect of an industry. According to this view, the declaration by Parliament is not mere declaration alone for taking control over certain industries but the Parliament must come out with the limits of the control exercised and if such a legislation is enacted, the content of Entry 24, List II to that extent is extracted. It is noticeable that the control or the extent of control is limited to the industry or industries over which the State Legislature has power to legislate in Entry 24, List II and not in respect of other entires in List III or List II of the Seventh Schedule. The Supreme Court found that in pith and substance the impugned Act was sustainable under Entry 42 of List III of the Seventh Schedule. The fact that the Supreme Court upheld the impugned Act under Entry 42, List III which is an independent Entry shows that when there is a declaration by the Parliament in respect of controlled industries providing for extent of control, it relates to the subject industries mentioned in Entry 24 of List II of the Seventh Schedule and not in respect of any other entries in either List II or List III of the Seventh Schedule. In view of this, I find that the decision in the case of Ishwari Khetan Sugar Mills, AIR 1980 SC 1955 [LQ/SC/1980/160] (supra) strongly relied upon by the learned counsel for the petitioner is of no help to his argument.

(53) SRI Shanti Bhusan, Senior Advocate cited number of decisions of the Apex Court for the proposition that Trade and commerce in, and the production, supplies and distribution of the products of industries where the control of industries, by the Union is declared by Parliament is comprehended in Entry 52 of List I of the Seventh Schedule. It is to be noted here that these cases referred to below relate to Regulation on Mines and Mineral Development. The first case strongly relied upon by learned counsel for the petitioner is the decision in case of the Hingir Rampur v. State of Orissa (AIR 1961 SC 459 [LQ/SC/1960/281] ). In this case it was held as thus :"the jurisdiction of the State Legislature under List II, Entry 23 is subject to the limitation imposed by the latter part of that Entry: If Parliament by its law has declared that regulation and development of mines should in public interest be under the control of the Union, to the extent of such declaration the jurisdiction of the State Legislature is excluded. In other words, if a Central Act has been passed which contains a declaration by Parliament as required by Entry 54, and if the said declaration covers the field occupied by the impugned Act the impugned Act would be ultra vires, not because of any repugnancy between the two statutes but because the State Legislature had no jurisdiction to pass the law. The limitation imposed by the latter part of Entry 23 is a limitation on the legislative competence of the State Legislature itself. "subject to the provisions of List I the power of the State to enact Legislation on the topic of "mines and mineral development" is plenary. To the extent to which the Union Government had taken under "its control" "the regulation and development of minerals" under Entry 54 of List I so much was withdrawn from the ambit of the power of the State Legislature under Entry 23 of List II and legislation of the State which had rested on the existence of power under that entry would, to the extent of that "control", be superseded or be rendered ineffective; for here we have a case not of mere repugnancy between the provisions of the two enactments but of a denudation or deprivation of State/ legislative power by the declaration which Parliament is empowered to make under Entry 54 of List I and has made. The Central Act 67 of 1957 covered the entire field of mineral development, that being the "extent" to which Parliament had declared by law that it was expedient that the Union should assume control. "

(54) IN the case of Baijnath Kedia v. State of Bihar (AIR 1970 SC 1436 [LQ/SC/1969/305] ) the Supreme Court, while interpreting Entry 54 of List I has held as thus :"entry 54 of the Union List speaks both of Regulation of mines and minerals development and Entry 23 of State List is subject to Entry 54 of Union List. It is open to Parliament to declare that is expedient in the public interest that the control should vest in Central Government. To what extent such a declaration can go is for Parliament to determine and thus must be commensurate with public interest. Once this declaration is made and the extent laid down, the subject of legislation to the extent laid down becomes an exclusive subject for legislation by Parliament. Any legislation by the State after such declaration and trenching upon the field disclosed in the declaration must necessarily be unconstitutional because that field is abstracted from the legislative competence of the State Legislature. AIR 1961 SC 459 [LQ/SC/1960/281] and AIR 1964 SC 1284 [LQ/SC/1963/191] .

(55) IN the case of Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. v. State of Bihar (1990 (4) SCC 557 [LQ/SC/1990/438] ) (sic) it was held that in view of Parliamentary declaration as made in Section 2 of thethe State Legislature is denuded of its legislative power to make any law with respect to the regulation of mines and mineral development to the extent as provided by the. In the case of the India Cement Ltd. v. State of Tamil Nadu (AIR 1990 SC 85 [LQ/SC/1989/526] ) it was held that royalty on mineral rights is a tax, and as such access on royalty being a tax on royalty is beyond the competence of the State Legislature because Section 9 of the Central Act covers the field and the State Legislature is denuded of its competence under Entry 23 of List II of Schedule 7 of the Constitution. In the case of M/s. Orissa Cement Ltd. v. State of Orissa, AIR 1991 SC 1676 [LQ/SC/1991/192] the imposition of cess under the Orissa Cess Act was challenged as beyond legislative competence of the State Legislature and it was held that the levy of cess was invalid.

(56) THE cases referred to above relate to grant of leases, imposition of cess and royalty and collection of fee in respect of mineral rights under the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act.

(57) NO doubt, these cases at the first sight support the contentions of learned counsel for the petitioner but on scrutiny of the relevant Entries of the Schedule VII show that the cases relied upon by the learned counsel for the petitioner are of no assistance for the proposition of law advanced by him. The cases referred to above relate to Entry 54 of List I and Entry 23 of List II of Seventh Schedule. A perusal of Entries 23 and 24 would show that Entry 23 of List II is entirely different in its content than Entry 24 of List II. Entry 23 of List II deals with the regulations of mines and minerals "subject to provisions of List I with respect to regulation and development" under the control of the Union where as Entry 24 of List II relates to industry subject to Entry 7 and 52 of List I. On comparison it will be found that Entry 23 of List II deals with mines and minerals (industry as well as its product) where as Entry 24 of List II deals with the industry only and not with the product of Industry. Since Entry 23 is subject to the provisions of List I and as such as and when the Parliament enacts any law under Entry 54 of List I for regulation of mines and minerals (development the contents of Entry 23 relating to mines and minerals shift to Entry 54 and thus, the State legislature is denuded its power to enact any law on the subject. Further the connection between Entry 23 of List II and Entry 54 of List I is not of the same nature and character, as the relationship between Entry 24 of List II with Entry 52 of List I along with relation between Entry 26 and 27 of List II with Entry 23 of List III. In case of mines and minerals when declaration is made by Parliament and extent of control is laid down as contemplated by Entry 54 of List I, then mines mineral (industry and its product) are excluded from Entry 23 and incorporated in Entry 54 of List I. But the position in respect of declaration made by the Parliament under Entry 52 of List I in aspect of controlled industry is different. In case of Entry 52 of List I when Parliament makes a declaration that certain industry is to be controlled by the Union the contents of Entry 54 is absractedand gets incorporated in Entry 52 of List I and the subject-matter of Entries 26 and 27 of List II stand transferred to Entry 33 of List III of the VII Schedule. Thus, there is distinction in between structural relationship of Entry 23 of List II and Entry 54 of List I and the structural relationship between Entry 52 of List I, Entry 24 of List II, Entries 26 and 27 of List II and Entry 33 of List III.

(58) THE text important thing is to be noticed here is that so far as mines and minerals are concerned there is no Entry like Entry 33 in the concurrent List. In view of these reasonings, I am of the view that the cases relating to mines and minerals relied upon by learned counsel for the petitioner in support of his argument are totally distinguishable and are of no assistance for the proposition advanced by learned counsel for the petitioner.

(59) NOW, I propose to deal with the case of Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd. v. State of A. P. (AIR 1990 SC 1927 [LQ/SC/1989/531] ) which is the sheet anchor of the case of the petitioner. The passages strongly relied upon by the learned counsel for the petitioner are extracted below :"84. After 1956 amendment to the FIR Act bringing alcohol industries (fermentation industries) as item 26 of the First Schedule to IDR Act the control of this industry has vested exclusively in the Union. Thereafter, licences to manufacture both potable and non-potable alcohol is vested in the Central Government. Distilleries are manufacturing alcohol under the Central licenses under IDR Act, No privilege for manufacture even if one existed has been transferred to the distilleries by the State. The State cannot itself manufacture industrial alcohol without the permission of the Central Government. The States cannot claim to pass a right which these do not possess. Nor can the States claim exclusive right to produce and manufacture under the grant of licence from the Central Government. Industrial alcohol cannot upon coming into existence under such grant be amendable to States claim of exclusive possession of privilege. The State can neither rely on Entry 8 of List II nor Entry 33 of List III as a basis for such a claim. The State cannot claim that under Entry 33 of List III, it can regulate industrial alcohol as a product of the scheduled industry, because the Union, under Section 18-G of the IDR Act has evinced clear intention to occupy the whole field. Even otherwise sections like Section 24- A and 24-B of the U. P. Act do not constitute any regulation in respect of the industrial alcohol as product of the scheduled industry. On the contrary, these purport to deal with the so-called transfer of privileges regarding manufacturing and sale. This power, admittedly has been exercised by the State purporting to act under Entry 8 of List II and not under Entry 33 of List III. "85. The position with regard to the control of alcohol industry has undergone material and significant change after the amendment of 1956 to the IDR Act. After the amendment, the State is left with only the following powers to legislate in respect of alcohol. "

(60) ON the strength of the passages extracted above it was argued that since 1st Synthetic case namely, State of U. P. v. Synthetics and Chemical Ltd. (AIR 1980 SC 614 [LQ/SC/1979/498] ) wherein the case of Tikaramji, was relied upon has been overruled by seven Judges, in the second Synthetic case namely, AIR 1990 SC 1927 [LQ/SC/1989/531] the decision of Supreme Court in Tikaramjis case stands overruled by implication and it is no longer a good law. It was further argued that the Supreme Court judgment in the second Synthetic case (supra) which is by seven Judges is binding on this Court.

(61) IN both the Synthetic cases referred to above, the challenge was on imposition of vend fee on the denatured spirit. In the first Synthetic case, AIR 1990 SC 1927 [LQ/SC/1989/531] (supra) the Supreme Court held that the State has exclusive privilege to deal in denatured spirit and for parting that privilege it can charge vend fee. The Supreme Court further held that Ethyl Alcohol Price (Control) Orders does not come in the way of State to levy vend fee while parting its exclusive privilege. The Supreme Court referred to Tikaramjis case only for the purpose that trade and commerce, supply and distribution of goods comes within Entry 33 of List III.

(62) WHEN second Synthetic case, AIR 1990 SC 1927 [LQ/SC/1989/531] (supra) came up before seven Judges of Supreme Court again the State of U. P. claimed exclusive privilege to deal in denatured spirit and staked its claim to charge vend fee while parting its exclusive privilege. Thus the question that arose before the Supreme Court was as to whether the State could levy vend-fee by taking recourse to Entry 8 or 51 of List II. The Supreme Court held that the State has exclusive privilege to deal in denatured spirit as it is not fit for human consumption and as such the State is not competent to levy excise duty or vend fee either under Entry 8 or 51 of List II. It was further held that it is only the Parliament which could impose excise duty on denatured spirit or rectified spirit which is not fit for human consumption by virtue of Entry 84 of List I.

(63) THE observation in paragraph 84 of seven Judges judgment in second Synthetic case extracted above may be considered in the light of the contention advanced on behalf of the State of U. P. that it has exclusive privilege in respect of denatured spirit. In fact the Supreme Court had no occasion to examine Entry 33 of List III in relation to Entries 24, 26 and 27 of List II and Entry 52 of List I. The one line observation that Union has evinced clear intention to occupy the whole field was in the context of exclusive privilage claimed by the State of U. P. Infact in the said case the Supreme Court while observing that Union has evinced clear intention to occupy the whole field was not in relation to the production of the controlled industry and as such the observation of the Supreme Court should be understood in respect of the dispute before the Supreme Court.

(64) THE decision of the Supreme Court in Tikaramjis case which still holds field has neither been referred to in the second Synthetic case (supra) nor it has been overruled specifically or by implication. It is common knowledge that Constitution Bench decision of Supreme Court cannot be taken to have overruled unless it is expressly overruled by later constitutional bench of the Supreme Court. Tikaramjis case has consistently been followed even after the decision of Supreme Court in second Synthetic case. The decision of Supreme Court in Tikaramjis case has been followed in third Synthetic case namely, State of U. P. v. Synthetic and Chemicals Ltd. (1991 (4) SCC 139 [LQ/SC/1991/320] ). The decision of Supreme Court in third Synthetic case although is by a bench of two Judges yet it has explained the law which was subject-matter of discussion in seven Judges judgment in second Synthetic case, AIR 1990 SC 1927 [LQ/SC/1989/531] (supra). For these reasons, I am of the view that the observations of Supreme Court contained in para. 84 of seven Judges judgment in second Synthetic case (supra) is of no help to the case of the petitioner.

(65) THE only case remains to be considered is the decision of Supreme Court in the case of I. T. C. Ltd. v. State of Karnataka (1985 (Supp) SCC 476). No doubt this case apparently supports the argument of the learned counsel for the petitioner but this case was not followed by Supreme Court in its later decisions.

(66) THE Supreme Count in B. Vishwanathiah and Co. v. State of Karnataka, 1991 (3) SCC 358 (supra) distinguished Indian Tobaccos case by observing thus:-"8. . . . . To interpret Entry 52 otherwise would render Entry 33 in List III of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution otiose and meaningless. In this view of the matter the limitation contained in Entry 52 does not affect the validity of the present legislation. This is an aspect which was not touched upon and which did not arise in the Indian Tobacco case. There both the Central Act and the State Act purported to legislate in regard to the industry, namely, in regard to the production and manufacture of tobacco. "

(67) BESIDES that in view of several Constitution Bench decisions of Supreme Court which are directly on the point, it is not safe to rely upon the decision cited by the learned counsel for the petitioner.

(68) FOR the aforesaid reasons, I am in agreement with the opinion of Hon. R. R. K. Trivedi, J. and express my inability to share the views of Hon. Om Prakash, J.

(69) THE result of the aforesaid discussion is that Section 18g of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 enacted by the Parliament being a legislation under Entry 33 of List III has not denuded the power of State Legislature to legislate on regulating supply, distribution and price of molasses a product of sugar industry. The said legislation being on a concurrent field, the State Legislature was competent to enact Sections 7, 8 and 10 of U. P. Sheera Niyantran Adhiniyam 1964 subject to the assent of the President of India in terms of Article 254 of the Constitution. Since the Adhiniyam has assent of the President of India. Sections 7, 8 and 10 of the Adhiniyam are valid piece of legislation.

(70) MY answer to the question referred is as under :answer to the question referred to is in the negative and against the petitioners.

(71) LET the papers of these cases be laid before the appropriate bench with this opinion and answer in the next week.

(72) G. P. MATHUR, J. :- I agree.

(73) S. R. ALAM, J. :- I agree.

(74) G. P. MATHUR, J. :- The Constitutional validity of U. P. Sheera Niyantran Adhiniyam (U. P. Act No. 24 of 1964) was assailed before a Division Bench, basically on three grounds viz. , the violates Article 19 (1) (f) and (g) and Article 301 of the Constitution and that in view of Section 18-G of Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 and sugar being one of the Scheduled Industry, the State Legislature stood denuded of its power to enact the Adhiniyam. The two Honble Judges constituting the Bench delivered separate opinions. Both of them concurred in repelling the attack based on Article 19 (1) (f) and (g) and Article 301 of the Constitution. However, they differed on the third point. Hon. Om Prakash, J. was of the opinion that the State Legislature lacked legislative competence to enact Sections 7, 8 and 10 of the Adhiniyam while Hon. R. R. K. Trivedi, J. was of the opinion that the State Legislature was not denuded of its power and whole of the Adhiniyam was valid. The orders in the writ petitions was delivered on 6/01/1995 when both the Honble Judges signed their opinions. On the same day, they passed another order formulating the point of difference and directing the papers to be laid before Honble the Chief Justice. The order passed by the Bench and Honble the Chief Justice is reproduced below;"since our opinion is divided, we state the point of difference for being decided by another Judge to be nominated by Honble the Chief Justice, as follows:-"whether by virtue of Section 18-G of Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951, the State legislature stood denuded of power to legislate regulating supply, distribution and price of molasses - a product of sugar industry, and was consequently incompetent to enact Sections 7, 8 and 18 of the Uttar Pradesh Sheera Niyantran Adhiniyam, 1964 (U. P. Act No. 24 of 1964)

(75) LET the papers be laid before Honble the Chief Justice for necessary orders in view of Chapter VIII, Section B, Rule 3 of the Allahabad High Court Rules, 1952. Sd/- Om Prakash, J. Sd/- R. R. K. Trivedi, J. List before V. N. Khare, G. P. Mathur and S. R. Alam, J. on 31-1-1995. Sd/- S. S. Sodhi,when the Full Bench commenced hearing on 16/02/1995 Shri Shanti Bhushan, learned senior counsel for the petitioner submitted that the two Honble Judges had delivered final judgments on 6/01/1995, one allowing the writ petitions (except writ petition No. 993 of 1993) and the other dismissing the writ petitions and after having delivered the judgments they became functus officio and thereafter they could not have passed an order formulating their points of difference for being decided by another Judge and in this view of the matter, the whole petition was open for hearing including onthose points on which the two Honble Judges had concurred and the Full Bench could not confine itself only to the point formulated by the Division Bench. In support of this submission reliance has been placed on two decisions of learned single Judges of this Court in Birendra Kumar Rai v. Union of India, AIR 1992 All 151 [LQ/AllHC/1991/565] and Smt. Nirmal Swaran Singh v. Rozu-Uddin, AIR 1993 All 121 [LQ/AllHC/1992/1035] . Shri Rakesh Dwivedi, learned Addl. Advocate General who appeared for respondents Nos. 2 and 3 submitted that before signing the opinions and the order, learned Judges had read out their opinions in Court and after hearing counsel for the parties and examining relevant provisions of Allahabad High Court Rules, 1952 (hereinafter referred to as the H. C. Rules) and the case law on the subject, they formulated the point of law on which they were divided in opinion and then passed the order directing that the papers be laid before Hon. the Chief Justice on the same day which was according to Rules and, therefore, the point referred alone had to be decided.

(76) CHAPTER V of the H. C. Rules deals with the jurisdiction of Judges sitting alone or in Division Courts. Rule 1 of this Chapter provides that the Judges shall sit alone or in such Division Courts as may be constituted from time to time and do such work as may be allotted to them by order of Chief Justice or in accordance with his directions. Rule 2 given a long list of different type of cases which shall be heard and disposed of by a Judge sitting alone. Proviso (a) to this Rule lays down that Chief Justice may direct that any case or class of cases which may be heard by a Judge sitting alone shall be heard by a Bench of two or more Judges or that any case or class of cases which may be heard by a Bench of two or more Judges, by a Judge sitting alone, Proviso (b) lays own that a Judge may, if he thinks fit refer a case which may be heard by a Judge sitting alone or any question of law arising therein for decision of a larger Bench. Rule 8 of this Chapter lay down that save as otherwise provided by these Rules or other law or by any general or special order of the Chief Justice, every other cases including writ petitions in which Special Appeals are not barred shall be heard and disposed of by a Bench of two Judges. The present writ petitions do not relate to the category specified in Rule 2 and therefore, they were heard by a Bench of two Judges, Chapter VIII, Rule 3 deals with the situation when Judges are divided in opinion and it reads as under; chapter VIII"rule 3. Procedure when Judges are divided in opinion:- When a case, to which the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure do not apply, is heard by a Division Court composed of two or more Judges and the Judges are divided in opinion as to the decision to be given on any point, such point shall be decided according to the opinion of the majority, if there shall be a majority. Should the Judges be equally divided they may state the point upon which they differ and each Judge shall record his opinion thereon. The case shall then be heard upon that point by one or more of the other Judges as may be nominated by the Chief Justice and the point decided according to the opinion of the majority of the Judges who have heard the case including those who first heard it. "

(77) THE language of above quoted Rule is plain and admits of no ambiguity. If the Judges of Division Court which is composed of two Judges are equally divided in opinion, they may state the point upon which they differ and then the case shall be heard upon that point alone by one or more of the other Judges as may be nominated by the Chief Justice. The point about which a reference has been made shall then be decided according to the opinions of majority of the Judges who have heard the case including those of the Division Court which heard it initially. The separate opinions of two Hon. Judges were read out and signed in Court on 6/01/1995 and on the same day they passed the order in accordance with Chapter VIII, Rule 3 of H. C. Rules by formulating the point of difference and requesting Hon. the Chief Justice for nominating another Judge to decide the aforesaid point. In the very first sentence of the order of reference, the Division Bench said as follows :since our opinion is divided, we state the point of difference. . . . "the language used by the Bench clearly shows that what the Judges had rendered and signed were only their opinions and not final judgments. It will therefore, be not correct to hold that the two Hon. Judges had delivered their final judgments disposing of the case and after signing their judgments they had become functus a officio and could not formulate the point of difference or could not make an order of reference to a third Judge. No doubt the word "another Judge" used by Division Bench may indicate that the Bench intended the point of difference to be decided by one Judge only but in terms of Chapter VIII, Rule 3 of H. C. Rules, it is fully competent for the Chief Justice to nominate one or more of the other Judges to hear and give their opinions on the point. Therefore, the constitution of the Full Bench by order of Honble the Chief Justice to hear the point of difference is perfectly valid.

(78) LEARNED counsel for the petitioners has submitted that the operative portion of the decision rendered by Hon. Om Prakash, J. mentions that all the writ petitions, except writ petition No. 993 of 1993, succeed and are allowed while the operative portion of the decision rendered by Honble R. R. K. Trivedi, J. mentions that the petitioners are not entitled for any relief and the writ petitions are accordingly dismissed and this shows that Honble Judges had delivered their final judgments and after delivering judgments, they could not formulate the point of difference and, therefore, the whole case has to be heard de novo by this Full Bench as laid down in B. K. Rai v. Union of India, AIR 1992 All 151 [LQ/AllHC/1991/565] (supra) and Smt. Nirmal Swaran Singh v. Rozu Uddin, AIR. 1993 All 121 (supra).

(79) IN B. K. Rai v. Union of India (supra), it has been held by a learned single Judge that under Chapter VIII, Rule 3, divided opinions can take place where a decision has yet to be given, nor has been given and in such a situation, they are to state the point on which they differ and record their respective opinions. When this has been done, it is on this specifically stated point that the matter is laid before the Chief Justice and "the point" decided by Judge (or Judges) to whom the matter has been referred. If the Judges deliver their dissenting judgments, they abdicate the process of making decision by judgments. It has been further held that upon a difference of opinion, a reference must be made while. Judges are still possessed of the case and before judgment.

(80) THE crucial question to be considered is where two Judges constituting a Division Bench render dissenting judgments do they deliver judgments in the case or their decisions are merely opinions. What is the precise meaning of the work judgment therefore, needs to be examined. Though, it is used in Letters Patent of the Charter High Courts, High Court Rules, Govt. of India Act, 1935 and in the Constitution, it is defined only in Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. Section 2 (9) of the Code defines a judgment and it means the statement given by the Judge of the grounds of a decree or order. Section 2 (2) of the Code defines a decree and it means the formal expression of an adjudication which, so far as regards the Court expressing it, conclusively determines the rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit and may be either preliminary or final. Section 33 of the Code provides that the Court, after the case has been heard, shall pronounce judgment, and on such judgment a decree shall, follow. These provisions indicate that under the Code, judgment has direct correlation with decree. In Shah Babu Lal Khimji v. Jayaben, AIR 1981 SC 1786 [LQ/SC/1981/332] , it has been held as follows;"thus, under the Code of Civil Procedure, a judgment consists of the reasons and ground for a decree passed by a Court. As a judgment constitutes the reason for the decree it follows as a matter of course that the judgment must be a formal adjudication which conclusively determines the rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy. . . . . . . . "therefore, unless the adjudication conclusively determines the rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matter in controversy,it will not be a judgment in a matter which is governed , by the Code of Civil Procedure.

(81) IN some of the standard texts judgment is defined as under;according to Whartons Law Lexicon a judgment is :"a judicial determination putting an end to the action by any award or redress to one party or discharge of the other as the case may be. "according to Strouds Judicial Dictionary apart from the definition of the term judgment as given in the various enactments in which the term has been defined, it means;"a sentence of the law pronounced by the Court upon the matter contained in the record, and the decision must be one contained in action. "in Daniels Chancery Practice, Vol. I, page 625 (quoted in ILR (1912) 35 Mad 1 at p. 10) judgment is defined as under;"a sentence or order of the Court pronounced on hearing and understanding all the points in issue, and determining the right of all the parties to the cause or matter. It is either interlocutory or final. "black in his book on judgments (as quoted in ILR (1912) 35 Mad 1 at p. 10) defined judgment as;"the determination or sentence of the law pronounced by a competent Judge or Court as the result of an action or proceeding instituted in such Court affirming that upon the matters submitted for decision a legal duty or liability does or does not exist. An interlocutory judgment is one which determines some preliminary or subordinate point or plea or settles some steps, question or default arising in the progress of the cause, but does not adjudicate the ultimate rights of the parties or finally put the case out of Court. "a passing reference may be made to some of the English cases also. According to ex parte Chinery, (1984) 12 QBD 343 (sic), a judgment is:"a decision obtained in an action, and any other decision is an order". A final judgment according to the same case is "a judgment obtained in an action by which a previously existing liability of the defendant to the plaintiff is ascertained or established. "in ex parte Moore, (1885) 14 QBD 627, meaning of expression "final judgment" was expounded in the following words:"to constitute an order a final judgment nothing more is necessary than that there should be a proper litis contestation, and a final adjudication between the parties to it on the merits. "in Onslow v. Commissioner, England Revenue, (1890) 25 QBD 465, Lord Esher observed as follows;"i think we ought to give to the words final judgment in this sub-section their strict and proper meaning, i. e. a judgment obtained in an action by which a previously existing liability of the defendant to the plaintiff is ascertained or established, unless there is something to show an intention to use the words in a more extended sense. "the word "judgment" is also used in Clause 15 of Letters Patent of the Charter High Courts and there seems to be a good deal of difference of opinion between different High Courts of country regarding the exact meaning of the word. The first leading case is of Calcutta High Court. In Justice of Peace for Calcutta 1972 Beng 433, it was observed thus :"we think that judgment in Cl. 15 means a decision which affects the merits of the question between the parties by determining some right or liability. It may be either final; or preliminary or interlocutory; the difference between them being that a final judgment determines the whole cause or suit, and preliminary or interlocutory judgment determines only a part of it, leaving other matters to be determined. "in Tuljaram Row, ILR (1912) 35 Mad 1, it was held as follows:"the test seems to me to be not what is the form of the adjudication but what is its effectin the suit or proceeding in which it is made. If its effect, whatever its form may be, and whatever may be the nature of the application on which it is made, is to put an end to the suit or, proceeding so far as the Court before which the suit or proceeding is pending is concerned, or if its effect, if it is not complied with, is to put an end to the suit or proceeding, I think the adjudication is a judgment within the meaning of clause. An adjudication on an application which is nothing more than a step towards obtaining a final adjudication in the suit is not, in my opinion, a judgment within the meaning of the Letters Patent. I think, too, an order on an independent proceeding which is ancillary to the suit (not instituted as a step towards judgment, but with a view to rendering the judgment effective if obtained) e. g. , an order on an application for an interim injunction, or for the appointment of a receiver is a judgment within the meaning of the clause. "in Re : Daya Bhai Jeevan Das, AIR 1935 Rangoon 267 (FB) a narrow interpretation was given namely that the word judgment means and is a decree in a suit by which the rights of the parties at issue in the suit are determined. But this narrow interpretation has not found favour and has been disapproved by the Supreme Court in Shah Babu Lal Khimji, AIR 1981 SC 1786 [LQ/SC/1981/332] (supra).

(82) THE earliest judgment of the Supreme Court where Clause 15 of the Letters Patent of Calcutta High Court was considered was rendered in Asrumati Debi v. Rupendra Deb, AIR 1953 SC 198 [LQ/SC/1953/23] , where it was held as follows;"the judgment must be the final pronouncement which puts an end to the proceeding so far as the Court dealing with it is concerned. It certainly involves the determination of some right or liability, though it may not be necessary that there must be a decision on the merits. "in Shanti Kumar v. H. Insurance Co. , AIR 1974 SC 1719 [LQ/SC/1974/203] , it was observed as follows;"in finding out whether the order is judgment within the meaning of Clause 15, it has to be found out that the order affects the merits of action between the parties by determining some rights or liability. "in Shah Babu Lal Khimji, AIR 1981 SC 1786 [LQ/SC/1981/332] , it was held that the word judgment in Letters Patent should receive a much wider and liberal interpretation than the word judgment used in the Code of Civil Procedure. At the same time, it could not be said that any order passed by a trial Judge would amount to a judgment. It was further observed that the word judgment has undoubtedly a concept of finality in a broader and not a narrower sense. Every interlocutory order cannot be regarded as judgment but only those orders would be judgment which decide matters of moments or affect vital and valuable right of the parties which work serious injustice to the parties concerned. The Federal Court in Kuppu Swamy Rao v. Kind, AIR FC 1 (sic) examined the meaning of word "judgment" as mentioned in Section 205, Government of India Act, 1935 and it was held as follows :"the term "judgment" indicates. a judicial decision given on the merits of the dispute brought before the Court. In a criminal case; the expressions "judgment or final order" cannot cover a preliminary or interlocutory order made on a preliminary objection. "with reference to Art. 133, of the Constitution the Supreme Court in Tarapore and Co. v. Tractor Export, AIR 1970 SC 1168 [LQ/SC/1968/351] observed as follows :"the expression "judgment" in Art. 133 (1) the context in which it occurs means a final adjudication by the Court of the rights of the parties, and that an interlocutory judgment even if it decides an issue or issues without finally determining the rights and liabilities of the parties is not a judgment, however cardinal the issue may be. "sometimes High Courts are called upon to decide questions of law at the instance of a Tribunal or Authority. Such provisions exist in the Taxing Statutes like Income-tax Act. It may-now be examined whether such decisionsamount to a judgment or not. In Re Knight and the Tabernale Permanent Building Society, (1892) QB 613 at 6117, it was held as under :"in the case of Ex Parte County Council of Kent, 1891-1 QB 725 where a statute provided that a case might be stated for the decision of the Court it was held that though the language might prima facie import that there has to be the equivalent of a judgment or order, yet when the context was looked at, it appeared that the jurisdiction of the Court appealed to was only consultative and that there was nothing which amounted to a judgment or order. "while considering the provisions of Section 51 of Indian Income-tax Act the Privy Council in Tata Iron and Steel Co. v. Chief Revenue Authority, AIR 1923 PC 148 said that when a case is stated for the opinion of the Court, that would serve prima facie to indicate that the order made by the Court was only advisory. In Prem Chand v. State of Bihar, AIR 1951 SC 14 [LQ/SC/1950/41] while considering the provisions of Bihar Sales Tax Act, it was observed as follows:"it is true that the Boards order is based one what is stated by the High Court to be the correct legal position, but the fact remains that the order of the High Court standing by itself does not affect the rights of the parties and the final order in the matter is the order which is passed ultimately by the Board of Revenue. "these authorities show that if the decision or order does not of its own force bind or affect the rights of the parties, it will only be an opinion and not a judgment.

(83) A careful examination of the stand and texts and authorities referred to above shows that even according to the wider view, leaving aside the stricter or narrower view, an adjudication, in order to constitute a judgment, must decide any question or issue in the case or any of the rights of the parties. Further the form of the adjudication or the language used is not material, what is to be seen is its effect on the suit or proceeding in which it is made.

(84) IF that be the real meaning of the word judgment, it follows as a corollary that there can be only one judgment in a case. Two contradictory judgments or judgments in variance with each other will not have the effect of deciding any question or issue in the case or of deciding any of the rights of the parties. It is also plain that such judgments can neither be enforced nor be given effect to. Therefore, if two Judges constituting a Division Bench give contradictory decisions or decisions at variance with each other, in law, such decisions cannot be called as judgments as they do not decide any question or issue in the case or proceeding nor do they decide any of the rights of the parties, the real test being what is the effect of the two decisions on the case or proceedings in which it is made, the language or phraseology used being wholly immaterial having no bearing. In such a situation, the decision so rendered will only amount to opinions of the respective Judges. This principle will, however, not apply where on account of some statutory provisions like Section 98, C. P. C. contradictory decisions by their own force lead to decision of any question or issue in the case for any of the rights of the parties.

(85) IN B. K. Rai, AIR 1992 All 151 [LQ/AllHC/1991/565] (supra), learned single Judge has placed strong reliance on a Full Bench decision in Lal Singh v. Ghanshyam Singh, ILR (1887) 9 All 625. With profound respects to the learned single Judge, the said case which turned on the language of Sec. 575 of Code of Civil Procedure, 1882 can have no application in a writ petition. Section 575 of the Code reads as follows:"when the appeal is heard by a Bench of two or more Judges, the appeal shall be decided in accordance with the opinion of such Judges or of the majority (if any) of such Judges. If there be no such majority which concurs in a judgment varying or reversing the decree appealed against, such decree shall be affirmed; provided that if the Bench hearing the appeal is composed of two Judges belonging to a Court consisting of more than two Judges, and the Judges composing the Bench differ in opinion on a point of law, the appeal may be referred to one or more of the other Judges of the same Court, and shall be decided according to the opinion of the majority (if any) of all the Judges who have heard the appeal, including those who first heard it. When there is no such majority which concurs in a judgment varying or reversing the decree appealed against, such decree shall be affirmed. The opinions of Chief Justice Edge and Justice Mahmood Shaw that after Justice Brodhurst and Justice Comer Petheram had delivered their dissenting judgments, one allowing the appeal and the other dismissing it, the order of reference was drawn up. It is obvious that in view of the dissenting judgments, the decree under appeal stood automatically affirmed leading to the final decision of the case. Once a case is finally decided, no question arising in the case can again be referred to a larger bench and so the reference was held to be incompetent firstly, that is no similar provision in Chapter VIII, Rule 3 of H. C. Rules which may provide for affirming the impugned order in the event of dissenting decisions being given by the Judge constituting the Bench. Secondly, appeals against decrees are governed by the Provisions of Code of Civil Procedure and they cannot normally be challenged in Writ Proceedings under Art. 226 of the Constitution. That apart the ratio of Lal Singh v. Ghan shyam Singh, ILR 9 All 625 (supra) does not appear to have received complete approval of the Supreme Court in Vishwanathan v. Abdul Wajid, AIR 1963 SC 1 [LQ/SC/1962/229] as will be clear from the following observations made in para 30 of the report : "again, the principle of Lal Singhs case ILR (1887) 9 All 625 (FB) as broadly enunciated by the majority of the Court has not been approved in many later cases in other High Courts; for instance, Karali Charan v. Apurba Krishna; I-LR58cal 549-: (AIR 1931 Cal 298 [LQ/CalHC/1930/178] ), Umar-Baksh v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Punjab, ILR 12- Lah 725 : (AIR 1931 Lah 578) (SB) and Jehangir v. Secretary of State, (1904) 6 Borm LR 131 at page 206. In these cases it was held that in each case the question is one of intention of the Judges differing in their opinion. "hidayat Ullah, J. who gave the minority opinion in the said case also observed in para 117 of the reports that if the argument based on Lal Singhs case was accepted curious results will follow, It may also be noticed that in Rohilkhand Kumaun Bank v. Row, (1884) ILR 6 All 468, a Full Bench made following observations :

". . . . . . . . . It seems to us that the word judgment as used in that Rule (Section 575) must not be understood in its strict sense but merely on expression of opinion containing reason for a contemplated or proposed judgment. . . . "

Thus while interpreting Chapter VIII, Rule 3 of the H. C. Rules in regard to a Writ Petition the principles laid down in Lal Singh cannot be applied. I am, therefore, of the opinion that the view taken by the learned Single Judge in B. K. Rai, AIR 1992 All 151 [LQ/AllHC/1991/565] (supra) in so far as writ petitions under Article 226 are concerned, does not lay down the correct law.

(86) THE other case Smt. Nirmal Swaran Singh v. Rozu-Uddin, AIR 1993 All 121 [LQ/AllHC/1992/1035] relied upon by the learned Counsel for the petitioner is clearly distinguishable as it relates to a first appeal under Section 96 C. P. C. where different consequences follow on account of applicability of Section 98, C. P. C.

(87) THERE can be no doubt that the proper course for the Judges who have dissented in Their respective opinions while hearing a writ petition is not to pass final order either allowing or dismissing the same but to state their point of difference after expressing their opinions. However, it will still be open to them to state the point upon which they have differed even if they have passed final orders. If the point of difference is not stated, it will be for the third Judge (or Judges) to whom the case is referred to ascertain the same and to give his (or their) opinion thereon.

(88) THERE is another aspect of the matter. This Full Bench has been constituted underorders of Honble the Chief Justice and as per the terms of the said order, it can only hear and give opinion on the point which has been referred to it. It is not open to this Bench to travel beyond the reference and hear and give opinion on questions which have not been referred to it or to rehear the whole case de novo. In Kesho Nath Khurana v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 1177 [LQ/SC/1981/219] , it was held that where a question of law arising in a second appeal was referred by a single Judge to a Division Bench, the Division Bench ought to have sent the matter back to learned single Judge, after deciding the question of law referred and it could not proceed to dispose it of on merit.

(89) IN view of what has been stated above, I am clearly of the opinion that the decisions given by Honble Om Prakash, J. and Honble R. R. K. Trivedi, J. on the question of competence of the State Legislature to enact U. P. Sheera Niyantran Adhiniyam (Act No. 24 of 1964) were merely in the nature of opinion and the point of difference was rightly referred in accordance with Chapter VIII, Rule 3 of H. C. Rules. This Full Bench can only hear and decide the question which has been referred and other points on which there is unanimity of opinion between the two Honble Judges are, therefore, not open to challenge.

(90), :- I agree.

(91) I agree. Order accordingly.