Venkatarama Ayyar J.

1. The appellant is a firm which was constituted under a deed of partnership dated 10-2-1941, and consists of two partners, Subba Rao and Hariprasada Rao. On 21-3-1942 it was registered under S. 26-A, Indian Income-tax Act, 11 of 1922, hereinafter referred to as the Act, for the assessment year 1942. Sometime thereafter, one of the partners, Subba Rao, is stated to have left on a long pilgrimage, and the affairs of the partnership were then managed by Hariprasada Rao as his agent under a general power-of-attorney dated 1-7-1940. Hariprasada Rao then applied under Rr. 2 and 6 of the rules framed under S. 59 of the Act, for renewal of the registration certificate for the year 1942-43, and the application was signed by him for himself and again as the attorney of Subba Rao. Those Rules provide that an application for registration of a firm under S. 26-A and for renewal of registration certificate "shall be signed personally by all the partners". The Income-tax Officer rejected the application for renewal on the ground that it was not personally signed by one of the partners, Subba Rao, and that the signature of Hariprasada Rao as his agent was not valid. The order was taken in appeal, and was ultimately the subject of a reference under S. 66 (1) of the Act to the High Court of Madras, which held that the word "personally" in Rs. 6 required that the partner should himself sign the application, and that the principles of agency under the general law were excluded. Videcommr. of Income-tax v. Subha Rao,I L R (1947) Mad 167: (1946-14 I L R 232: (AIR 1949 Mad 411) (A).

2. While these proceedings were pending, Hariprasada Rao filed the two applications, out of which the present appeals arise, for renewal of the registration certificate for the assessment years 1943-44 and 1944-45. Both of them were signed by him for himself and as attorney for Subba Rao. At the hearing of these petitions the appellant, apart from maintaining that Rs. 2 and 6 did not, on their true construction, exclude signature by an agent on behalf of a partner, raised a further contention that the Rules themselves were ultra vires the powers of the rule-making authority. The Income-tax Officer overruled both these contentions, and rejected the applications, and his orders were confirmed on appeal by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and then by the Appellate Tribunal. Thereafter, on the application of the appellant, the Tribunal referred the following questions for the decision of the High Court:

"1. Whether the word personally in the Income-tax Rules, as framed under S. 59, Income-tax Act would exclude a duly authorised agent of a partner from signing an application on behalf of the partner under S. 26-A, Income-tax Act

2. If the answer to the above question is in the affirmative, whether Rr. 2 and 6 are ultra vires the rule making authority"

3. The reference was heard by Satyanarayana Rao and Viswanatha Sastry, JJ. Following the decision in ILR (1947) Mad 167: 1946- 14 I T R232 : (AIR 1946 Mad 411 [LQ/MadHC/1946/63] ) (A) they answered the first question in the affirmative. On the second question, however, they differed. Satyanarayana Rao J. held that the Rules were ultra vires, and that the applications were in order, and ought to have been granted. Viswanatha Sastry J. was of the contrary opinion, and held that the Rules were intra vires, and that the applications were properly rejected as not being in accordance with them. The learned Judges, however, granted a certificate under section 66-A of the Act, and that is how the appeals come before us.

4. The first question whether the word "personally" would exclude signature by an authorised agent on behalf of the partner was answered in the affirmative by the Madras High Court in Commr. of Income-tax v. Subba Rao (A). This was one of the decisions quoted with approval by this Court in Commr. of Agricultural Income-tax v. Keshab Chandra, 1950 S C R 435: (A I R 1950 S C 265 (B) ) where the question was whether a Rule framed under the Bengal Agricultural Income-tax Act that the declaration in the return should be signed by the individual himself required that he should sign it personally, and it was held that it did so require.

Sri K. S. Krishnaswami Ayyangar, learned counsel for the appellant, did not urge any grounds for differing from the above conclusion, and we must therefore hold, in agreement with the views expressed in the above decisions, that the signature which is prescribed by the Rules is that of the partner himself, and that they are not complied with by the agent signing on his behalf.

5. Then we come to the second question - and that is the substantial question that arises for our determination in this appeal - whether Rr. 2 and 6 are ultra vires the rule -making authority. The argument to the appellant in support of its contention that the Rules are ultra vires may thus be stated:

Under the common law of England, a person has the right to do through an agent whatever he can do himself, and that right has also been conferred on him in this country by S. 2. Powers-of-Attorney Act 7 of 1882, which runs as follows:

"The done of a power-of-attorney may, if he thinks fit, execute or do any assurance, instrument or thing in and with his own name and signature, and his own seal, where sealing is required, by the authority of the donor of the power and every assurance, instrument and thing so executed and done, shall be as effectual in law as if it had been executed or donee by the done of the power in the name, and with the signature and seal, of the donor thereof.

"This section applies to powers-of-attorney created by instruments executed either before or after this Act comes into force".

Section 26-A of the Act confers on a partner the right to apply for registration of the firm, and that right could be exercised both under the common law and under S. 2, Powers -of-Attorney Act through an authorised agent. The sovereign legislature might, if it so chooses, abrogate the rule of common law, and repeal S. 2, Powers-of-Attorney Act, and enact that the application to be presented under S. 26-A should be signed by the partner himself and not by any other person; but it has not done so either expressly or by necessary implication, and, therefore, the application which was signed by Hariprasada Rao is as good as if it had been signed by Subba Rao. The Rules no doubt require that the signature should be that of the partner and not that of his agent. But in prohibiting what would be lawful under the section, the rules go beyond the ambit of the authority conferred by S. 26-A on the rule-making authority, which is limited to framing rules for giving effect to the principles laid down in the statute. They are therefore ultra vires. In the alternative, assuming that the mandate given to the rule making authority under S. 26-A is of sufficient amplitude to authorise the making of the Rules in question, even then, they must be held to be ultra vires, as they have the effect of abrogating the common law and repealing S. 2, Powers-of-Attorney Act, which confer on a person the right to act through an agent, and that being a legislative function cannot be delegated to a rule-making authority, and S. 26-A, if it is to be construed as conferring such power on an outside authority, must be struck down as constituting an unconstitutional delegation by the legislature of its legislative function.

6. It is the correctness of these contentions, that now falls to be considered.

7. According to the law of England - and that is also the law under the Indian Contract Act, 1872 -

"every person who is sui juris has a right to appoint an agent for any purpose whatever, and that he can do so when he is exercising a statutory right no less than when he is exercising any other right. " Per Stirling J. in Jackson and Co. V. Napper : In re schmidts Trade-Mark, (1886) 35 Ch D 162, at p. 172 (C)."

This rule is subject to certain well-known exceptions as when the act to be performed is personal in character, or is annexed to a public office, or to an office involving fiduciary obligations. But apart from such exceptions, the law is well-settled that whatever a person can do himself, he can do through an agent. It has accordingly been held that "at common law, when a person authorizes another to sign for him, the signature of the person so signing is the signature of the person authorizing it. Per Blackburn J. in The Queen v. Justices of Kent, (1873) 8 Q B 305, at p. 307 (D). The appellant is therefore right in his contention that unless the statute itself enacts otherwise, an application which a partner has to sign would be in order and valid, if it is signed by his authorised agent. The question then is whether there is anything in the Act, which requires that an application under S. 26-A should be signed by the party personally.

8. Section 26-A is as follows :

"(1)Application may be made to the Income-tax Officer on behalf of any firm, constituted under an instrument of partnership specifying the individual shares of the partners, for registration for the purposes of this Act and of any other enaciment for the time being in force relating to income-tax or super-tax.

(2)The application shall be made by such person or person, and at such times and shall contain such particulars and shall be in such from, and be verified in such manner, as may be prescribed; and it shall be dealt with by the Income-tax Officer in such manner as may be prescribed."

The Section does not, it should be noted, provide that the application for registration should be signed by the partner personally, and it is this that forms the foundation of the contention of the appellant that the right which a person has under the general law and under S. 2, Powers-of -Attorney Act; to act through an agent has not been taken away or abridged by the section. He relies in support of his contention on the following rules of construction:

1. Statutes which encroach on the rights of a subject would be interpreted if possible so as to respect such rights. (Vide Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes, Edn. 10, p. 285, Craies on Statute Law, Edn. 5, pp. 111 to 114). The Law is thus stated by Bowen L. J. in In re Cuno: Mansfield V. Mansfield, (1889) 43 Ch D 12, at p. 17 (E):

"In the construction of statutes, you must not construe the words so as to take away rights which already existed before the statute was passed, unless you have plain words indicate that such was the intention of the legislature".

(2) In the absence of clear and unambiguous language, an intention to alter the existing law should not be imputed to the legislature. (Vide Craies on Statute Law, Edn. 5, at pp. 114 and 115).

(3) The law does not favour repeal of a statute by implication, and therefore a later statute should not be construed as repealing an earlier one without express words or by necessary implication. (Vide Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes, Edn. 10, p. 170; Craies on Statute Law, Edn. 5, p. 337).

"If it possible", observed Farwell J., it is my duty so to read the section as not to effect an implied repeal of the earlier Act": Re Chance 1936-1 Ch 266 at p. 270 (F).

"Unless two Acts are so plainly repugnant to each other that effect cannot be given to both at the same time, a repeal will not implied". Per A. L. Smith J. in Kutner v. Phillips, 1891-2, Q B 267, at p. 272 (G).

In the light of these principles, it is contended that the true scope of S. 26-A is that it confers a right on a partner to register the firm, and leaves themodusof the exercise thereof to be regulated by the existing law, and that, therefore, far from showing an intention either to alter the general law as to the right of a person to act through his agent or to repeal S. 2, Powers-of Attorney Act, the section depends on their continued operation for its implementation.

9. Now the rules of construction on which the appellant relies are well-established. But then, it should not be overlooked that they are only aids to ascertain the true intention of the legislature as expressed in the Statute, and the question ultimately is, what in the context do the words of the enactment mean The following passage from Crawford on "The Construction of Statutes", 1940 Edn. p. 454 cited by the appellant may be usefully referred to in this connection:

"Why should a statute be subjected to a strict or a liberal construction, as the case may be The only answer that can possibly be correct is because type of construction utilized gives effect to the legislative intent. Sometimes a liberal construction must be used in order to make the legislative intent effective, and sometimes such a construction will defeat the intent of the legislature. If this is the proper conception concerning the rule of construction to be adhered to, then a strict or liberal construction is simply a means by which the scope of a statute is extended or restricted in order to convey the legislative meaning. If this is the proper position to be accorded to strict and liberal constuctions, it would make no difference whether the statute involved was penal, criminal, remedial or in derogation of common right, as a distinction based upon this classification would then mean nothing".

10. That being the correct position, the question is whether on its true interpretation, the statute intended that an application under S. 26-A should be signed by the partner personally, or whether it could be signed by his agent on his behalf. To decide that, we must have regard not only to the language of S. 26-A but also to the character of the legislation, the scheme of the Act and the nature of the right conferred by the section. The Act is, as stated in the preamble, one to consolidate and amend the law relating to income-tax. The rule of construction to be applied to such a statute is thus stated by Lord Herschell in Bank of England v. Vagliano, (1891) A C 107 at p. 141 (H).

"I think the proper course is in the first instance to examine the language of the statute, and to ask what is its natural meaning, uninfluenced by any considerations derived from the previous state of the law, and not to start with inquiring how the law previously stood, and then assuming that it was probably "intended to leave it unaltered.........."

We must therefore construe the provisions of the Indian Income tax Act as forming a code complete in itself and exhaustive of the matters dealt with therein, and ascertain what their true scope is

11. Turning then to the provisions of the Act, considerable light is thrown on their true import by the decision of this Court in 1950 S C R 465: (A I R 1950 S C 265) (B). There, the question was as to the meaning of R. 11 framed under the Bengal Agricultural Income-tax Act, 1944, read with Form No. 5, which required that the declaration in the 1944, read with Form No. 5 Which required that the declaration in the return should be signed "in the case of an individual, by the individual himself". It was held by this Court on a review of the provisions of the Statute that the intention of the legislature as expressed therein was to exclude the common law rule,qui facit per alium facit per se,and the declaration to be valid must be signed by the assessee personally. It is argued for the appellant thatCommr. of Agricultural Income-tax v. Keshab Chandra(B) was a decision only on the interpretation of R. No. 11 and not on its validity, and that the question whether the rule was ultra vires or not was not in issue. That is so, but the materiality of the decision to the present controversy lies in this that the interpretation which was put on R. 11 as requiring personal signature was based on the conclusion which this Court reached on a consideration of the relevant provisions of the Bengal Agricultural Income-tax Act that the intention of the legislature was to exclude the rule of the common law on the subject. Now, the provisions of the Bengal Act which were construed in theCommr. of Agricultural Income-tax, v. Keshab Chandra(B) as indicative of the above intention, are identical in terms with the corresponding provisions in the Indian Income tax Act, and are, in fact, based on them, and it would therefore be logical to construe the latter as expressing an intention to discard the rule of common law on the subject.

12. The relevant provisions of the Bengal Agricultural Income tax Act may now be noticed Section 25(1) of the Bengal Act provides that if the Income-tax Officer is not satisfied that the return made is correct and complete, he may require assessee by notice either to attend at the Income-tax office or to produce or cause to be produced any evidence on which he might rely. This corresponds to S. 23 (2), Indian Income-tax Act. The point to be noted with reference to this section is that it contains express provision for production of evidence by the assessee through his agent, a provision which would have been wholly unnecessary if the common law intended to apply. Sections 35 and 36 of the Bengal Act contain provisions as to who can represent the assessee and in what proceedings and they follow S. 61, Indian Income-tax Act and form a code complete in themselves. Then again, both the Bengal Act and the Indian Income-tax Act provide that certain provisions of the Civil Procedure Code are applicable to the proceedings under the Act. The provisions of O.3, Civil P. C. enacting that parties may appear an act through recognised agents are not among them. To cut the discussion short, the effect of the provisions of the Bengal Act is thus summarised in Commr. of Agricultural Income-tax v. Kershab Chandra (B).

"The omission of a definition of the word sign as including a signature by an agent, the permission under S. 25 for production of evidence by an agent, and under Ss. 35 and 58 for attendance by an agent and the omission of any provision in the Act applying the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure relating to the signing and verification of pleadings to the signing and verification of the return while expressly adopting the provisions of that Code relating to the attendance and examination of witnesses, production of documents and issuing of commission for examination and for service of notices under ss. 41 and 60 respectively, cannot be regarded as wholly without significance."

This reasoning applies with equal force to the provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act, and goes far to support the contention of the respondent that the common law is not intended to apply to proceedings under the Act.

13. Another factor material for the determination of this question is the nature of the right conferred by S. 26-A. Under the common law of England, a firm is not a juristic person, the firm name being only a compendious expression to designate the various partners constituting it. But, as pointed out by this Court inDulichand Laximnarayan v. Commr. of Income-tax, Nagpur(S) A I R 1956 S C 354 (I), inroads have been made by statutes into this conception, and firms have been regarded as distinct entities for the purposes of those statutes. One of those statutes in the Indian Income-tax Act, which treats the firm as a unit for purposes of taxation. Thus, under S. 3 of the Act the charge is imposed on the total; income of a firm, the partners as such being out of the picture, and accordingly under S. 23 of the Act, the assessment will be on the firm on its total profits. Section 23(5) enacts an exception to this in the case of firms registered under the Act, and provides that,

"(a) ..... the sums payable by the firm itself not be determined but the total income of each partner of the firm, including therein his share of its income, profits and gains of the previous year, shall be assessed and the sum payable by him on the basis of such assessment shall be determined."

Thus, if a firm is registered, it ceases to be a unit for purposes of taxation and the profits earned by it are taken, in accordance with the general law of partnership, to have been earned by the individual partners according to their shares, and they are taxed on their individual income including their share of profits. The advantages of this provision are obvious. The rate of tax chargeable will not be on the higher scale provided for incomes on the higher levels but on the lower one at which the income of the individual partner is chargeable. Thus, registration confers on the partners a benefit to which they would not have been entitled but for S. 26-A, and such a right being a creature of the statute, can be claimed only in accordance with the statute which confers it, and a person who seeks relief under S. 26-A must bring himself strictly within its terms before he can claim the benefit of it. In other words, the right is regulated solely by the terms of the statute, and it would be repugnant to the character of such a right to add to those terms by reference to other laws. The statute must be construed as exhaustive in regard to the conditions under which it can be claimed.

14. Thus, considering, the question with reference to the character of the legislation, the scheme of the statute and the nature of the right conferred by S. 26-A, the conclusion is irresistible that rules of common law were not intended to be saved, and that the right to apply for registration under that section is to be determined exclusively by reference to the prescriptions laid down therein. If that is the true construction, in authorising the rule-making authority to frame rules as to who can apply for registration under S. 26-A, and when and how, the statute has merely directed that authority to fill in details in the field of legislation occupied by it, and it is not denied that Rules 2 and 6 are within the mandate conferred by the section. In this view, S. 59 (5) of the Act which enacts that "Rules made under this section shall be published in the Official gazette, and shall thereupon have effect as if enacted in this Act" directly applies, and the vires of the Rules is beyond question.. Vide the observations of Lord Herschell inInstitute of Patent Agents v. Lockwood.1894 A C 347 (J).

15. Then ,there is the contention of the appellant that the Rules in question are repugnant to S. 2 Powers-of-Attorney Act, 7 of 1882 and are thereforeultra vires.In addition to the reasons given above in support of the conclusion that the rule of the common law was not intended to operate in the field occupied by S. 26-A, there is a further and a more compelling reason why this contention should not be accepted. It is that there is, in fact, no conflict between the two statutory provisions. To understand the scope of S. 2 Powers -of-Attorney Act, it is necessary to refer to the history of this legislation. Under the common law of England, and agent having authority to execute an instrument must sign in the name of the principal if he is to be bound. If the agent signs the deed in his name albeit as agent, he is the person who is regarded as party to the document and not the principal. It is the agent alone that can enforce the deed, and it is he that will be liable on it, VideIn re International Contract Co.(1871) 6 Ch A 525 (k);Schack v. Anthony(1813) 1 M and S 573: 105 E R 214 (1), Halsburys Laws of England, Edn. 10, p. 93. To remove the hardships from this state of the law, the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act, 1881 (44 and 45, vict. Chap 41) enacted S. 46 which is as follows:

"(1) The donee of a power of attorney may, if he thinks fit, execute or do any assurance, instrument, or thing in and with own name and signature and his own seal, where sealing is required, by the authority of the donor of the power; and every assurance, instrument, and thing so executed and donee shall be as effectual in law, to all intents, as if it had been executed or done by the donee of the power in the name and with the signature and seal of the donor thereof.

(2) This section applies to powers of attorney created by instruments executed either before or after the commencement of this Act".

The Indian Legislature immediately followed suit, and enacted the Power-of-Attorney Act 7 of 1882 incorporating in S. 2 therein word for word, S. 46 of the English Act. The object of this section is to effectuate instruments executed by an agent but not in accordance with the rule of the common law and the enactment is more procedural than substantive. It does not confer on a person a right to act through agents. It presupposes that the agent has the authority to act on behalf of the principal, and protects act done by him in exercise of that authority but in his own name. But, where the question is as to the existence or the validity of authority, the section has no operation. Thus, the fields occupied by the two enactments are wholly distinct. Section 26-A says that a partner cannot delegate the exercise of his rights under that section to an agent. Section 2, Powers-of-Attorney Act says that if there can be and, in fact there is, delegation it can be exercised in the manner provided therein. There is accordingly no conflict between the two sections, and no question of repeal arises.

16.To sum up, the Indian Income tax Act is a self contained code exhaustive of the matters dealt with therein, and its provisions show an intention to depart from the common rule, qui facit per alium facit per se. Its intention again is that a firm should be given benefit of S. 23 (5) (a) only if it is registered under S. 26-A in accordance with the conditions laid down in that section and the rules framed thereunder. And as those rules require the application to be signed by the partner in person, the signature by an agent on his behalf is invalid.

17. In the view which we have taken the further question raised by the appellant that the power to repeal of law being a legislative function, can be exercised only by the legislature duly constituted and not by any outside authority, and that the delegation of such a power to an outside authority is unconstitutional , does not arise for decision.

18. In the result, we agree with Viswanatha Sastry, J., that Rr. 2 and 6 are intra vires the powers of the rule-making authority, and dismiss the appeals with cost.

19. Appeals dismissed.