Sultan Singh, J:

1. The plaintiffs application (L.A. No. 1915 of 1979) under Order 39, Rules 1 and 2 and Section 151 of the Civil Procedure Code is for the issue of a temporary injunction restraining the defendants from infringing the plaintiffs Patent No. 138571 dated 26th November, 1973 in a suit for permanent injunction, rendition of accounts and damages. The plaintiff M/s. National Research Development Corporation of India alleges that it is a company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1913, that it is the proprietor/assignee of the said Patent No. 138571 relating of Titanium Substrate Insoluble Anode Assembly for Diaphragm Type Chloralkali Cells (hereinafter referred as `TSIA) that the invention of the said patent was developed by certain inventors of Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu (hereinafter referred to as `CECRI) an institute of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (hereinafter referred to as `CSIR) that the said patent was originally granted in favour of CSIR, New Delhi who assigned the same to the plaintiff vide Assignment Deed dated 22nd May, 1979, for further development and exploitation of the patent process in accordance with a previous agreement dated 27th November, 1956 between the CSIR and the plaintiff. The invention is defined in claim Nos. 1 and 3 of patent No. 138571 as follows :

"1. A process for the preparation of an Anode Assembly for Diaphragm Cells in the electrolysis of alkali metal halide solutions which consists in (i) providing valve metal anode base of a valve metal or an alloy of valve metals such as titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantialum, tungsten especially titanium which are resistant to corrosion in aqueous electrolytes especially in the electrolysis of saturated brine to chlorine-alkali in diaphragm cells in the form of strips, perforated sheet or expanded sheets, shaped cylindrical, U bend or rectangular, the surface of the base or rectangular, the base metal being activated by hermally depositing a platinum group metal or a mixed oxide of the platinum group metals and valve metals, and

2. Welding titanium or such other valve metal clad copper or aluminium current distributors to the anode base to distribute the current uniformly to the entire base.

3. An anode assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein the current distributors consist of copper or aluminium core tightly enclosed in a copper coated sleeve of titanium or other valve metals by means of white metal composition."

The advantages and the process of preparation of anode assemblies have been fully described in the patent specification, and it is not necessary to enumerate the same here. The plaintiff further alleges that the said patent is valid, subsisting and in force for a period of 14 years from the date of patent, that under Section 48 of the Patents Act, 1970 (hereinafter called `the Act), the plaintiff has exclusive right in the sale, use and manufacture of the anode assembly claimed in the said patent, that the said patent is being worked by the plaintiffs licensee, namely, Titanium Equipment and Anode Manufacturing Co. Ltd. Madras, that the defendants were fully aware of the existence of the said Patent No. 138571, as tests on the anode assembly of this patent and also anodes prepared by the process of plaintiffs another Patent No. 134375 were conducted by the defendants on behalf of CECRI, Karaikudi, that the defendants were in correspondence with the plaintiff for obtaining a licence for the manufacture and use of the anode assembly of the present patent and the anode manufactured by the process of Patent No. 134375, that in April, 1979 the plaintiff came to know that the defendants have manufactured anode assemblies which are being used by them and that the said anode assemblies of the defendants were constructed according to patent in suit, that the plaintiff served notice dated 25th May, 1979 on the defendants which was not replied by them that the anode assembly manufactured and used by the defendants is in all by the plaintiff to defendants with respects similar to the anode assembly of the plaintiffs Patent No. 138571, that no license for the manufacture, use and for sale has been given respect to the said patent and therefore defendants violated the plaintiffs right by manufacturing or using anode assemblies in accordance with the plaintiffs Patent No. 138571, that the anode assembly manufactured and sold by the defendants is an exact replica of the anode assembly of the plaintiffs patent, that the defendants have thus infringed the plaintiffs patent, and that the infringement of the defendants is causing irreparable loss and injury which cannot be adequately compensated.

2. The defendants in the written statement and reply to the application plead that the plaintiff is not an assignee by virtue of the deed dated 22nd May, 1979 because the plaintiffs name has not been entered in the Register of Patents as proprietor and before such an entry under Ss. 63 and 69 of the Act the plaintiff is not a `patentee within the meaning of the Act, that the plaint has not been signed, verified and instituted by a duly authorised person that the alleged Patent No. 138571 is liable to be revoked on various grounds mentioned in Section 65 of the Act, that the defendants developed their own technology and are in a position to render expertise and working know-how regarding High Amperage Diaphragm Cells and Permanent Metal Anodes and have been in successful operation since February, 1977, that they have not infringed the plaintiffs patent, that the plaintiff is neither the inventor nor an assignee of any invention forming subject-matter of alleged Patent No. 138571, that the claims mentioned in the patent are vague and do not involve any inventive step having regard to the prior-art and prior-claiming, that the alleged correspondence referred to by the plaintiff does not relate to any patent right whatsoever, that the plaintiff can always be compensated in terms of money and as such it is not entitled to injunction.

3. An ex parte injunction restraining the defendants from infringing the plaintiffs Patent No. 138571 dated 26th November, 1973 was granted on 13th June, 1979. The defendants by the application (I.A. No. 1953 of 1979) under Order 39, Rule 4 of the Civil Procedure Code pray that the ex parte injunction be vacated.

4. Dr. H.S.Rao, General Manager of the plaintiff has signed and verified the plaint by virtue of Resolutions dated 4th May, 1979 and 30th December, 1971 of the Board of Directors of the plaintiff-company, copies whereof are on record. Prima facie, therefore, it appears that the plaint has been signed and verified by a duly authorised person.

5. The next objection is that the plaintiff is not the patentee as the alleged Deed of Assignment was not registered under Ss. 68 and 69 of the Patent Act on the date of the filing of the suit i.e., 11th June, 1979. The Deed of Assignment is dated 22nd May, 1979. An application for registration of this Deed under Section 68 of the Act was made on 31st May, 1979. The deed was registered and an entry was made in the records of the Patent Office on 21st June, 1979. Section 68 of the Act provides that the Assignment Deed shall, when registered, have effect from the date of its execution. It is, therefore, apparent that as soon as the entry of registration of his deed was made by the Patent Office on 21st June, 1979 the plaintiff became the assignee of the patent in question with effect from the date of execution of the deed i.e. 22nd May, 1979. Sec. 68 of the Act provides that the assignment of a patent shall not be valid unless the same were in writing and the agreement between the parties concerned is reduced to the form of a document embodying all the terms and conditions governing their rights and obligations and the application for registration of such deed is filed with the Controller within six months of the execution of the document. Section 68 of the Act has thus been complied with.

6. The plaintiff also made another application under Section 69 of the Act for the registration of its title. This application was also filed on 31st May,1979 but was acknowledged by the Patent Office on 6th June, 1979. The title of the plaintiff under the deed dated 22nd May, 1979 was registered in the Patent Office on 27th August, 1979. The argument of the learned counsel for the defendants is that the Assignment Deed was registered on 21st June, 1979 under Section 68 of the Act and the title of the plaintiff was registered under Section 69 of the Act on 27th August, 1969 i.e. after the institution of the present suit and therefore the plaintiff has no locus standi as it is not the `patentee within the meaning of Section 2 (p) of the Act. Section 2 (1) of the Act is as under :

2. Definitions and interpretations-

1. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires -

(a) to (o).........

(p) `Patentee means the person for the time being entered on the register as the grantee or proprietor of the patent."

It is useful to mention that there was no provision in the earlier Act, namely, the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911 corresponding to Section 68 of the Patents Act, 1970. Section 68 makes the registration of the Assignment Deed effective from the date of the execution of the deed after its registration. It therefore appears that the assignee acquires all rights, under the Patent in terms of the Assignment Deed on the date when the deed is executed. As soon as the deed is registered under Section 68 of the Act it is effective from the date of its execution. Counsel for the defendants relied upon Re Hiralal Banjara, AIR 1937 Cal 365 and Hiralal Banjara v. Bashiram Sharma, AIR 1940 Cal 474 [LQ/CalHC/1940/29] . In these judgments it was held by the Calcutta High Court that as the assignee was not registered under the Indian Patens and Designs Act, 1911, the assignee was not a patentee within the meaning of the said Act. As already stated there was no provision in the Act of 1911 corresponding to Section 68 of the Act of 1970, these judgments are not applicable to the case arising under the Act of 1970. Prima facie therefore it appears that the plaintiff being the assignee of the patent in question under deed dated 22nd May, 1979 has locus standi to institute the present suit.

7. For the grant of temporary injunction, principles applicable to the infringement of Patent actions are that there is a prima facie case, that the patent is valid and infringed, that the balance of convenience is in favour of the injunction being granted and that the plaintiff will suffer an irreparable loss. It is also a rule of practice that if a patent is a new one, a mere challenge at the Bar would be quite sufficient for a refusal of a temporary injunction, but if the patent is sufficiently old and has been worked, the court would, for the purpose of temporary injunction, presume the patent to be valid one. If the patent is more than six years old and there has been actual user it would be safe for the court to proceed upon this presumption. Terrell on the Law of Patents Twelfth Edition in para 830 has observed as follows:

"Prima facie evidence of validity :

The plaintiff must first establish such facts as will satisfy the court that there are strong prima facie reasons for acting on the supposition that the patent is valid. The most cogent evidence for this purpose is either that there has been a previous trial in which the patent has been held to be valid, or that the patentee has worked and enjoyed the patent for many years without dispute, or it may be that as between the parities the plaintiff is relieved from the onus of establishing validity, as where the defendant has admitted it or is so placed in his relationship to the plaintiff as to be estopped from denying it."

The parties have placed on record correspondence between them, from which the defendants infer that there was joint collaboration between the parties for the patent in question. The defendants however plead that they have been in the know-how of the patent prior to the alleged invention of the plaintiff. The two statements appear to be contradictory to each other. If the defendants were in the know-how of the process which has been patented there was no question of joint venture with the plaintiff. The provisional specification of the patent was filed on 4th December, 1972, complete specification was filed on 26th November, 1973 and the acceptance of the complete specification was advertised by the Patent Office on 21st February, 1976. The Patent Office took more than three years to verify the invention of the plaintiff and thereafter the invention under the Patent in question was advertised. The correspondence suggests that the defendants were not in the knowledge of the process which has been patented. If the defendants were in the knowledge of the patent i.e. the process which has been got patented by the plaintiff they ought to have filed objections before the Patent Office under the Patent Act, 1970. But admittedly no such objections were ever filed by the defendants. On the other hand the correspondence discloses that the defendants were never in the knowledge of the patented process. The defendants were trying their best to obtain a licence from the plaintiff to use the patent for the manufacture of caustic soda etc. When the defendants came to know of the patent they infringed it. No difference has been pointed out by the defendants between their process adopted since February, 1977 and the process which has been got patented by the plaintiff in 1973.

8. Now I refer to the correspondence between the parties. The plaintiff on 13th October, 1972 wrote to the defendants in reply to their letter dated 25th September, 1972 that the plaintiff would finance up to 50 percent of the expenditure involved in the development work of TSIA and when the work is successfully completed the plaintiff would release the process to them on the terms and conditions mentioned therein. The terms were that the defendants would reimburse to the plaintiff the funds contributed in the development work and they would pay a royalty of Rupees 30/- per tone of caustic soda produced using the anodes developed and that process would be released to the defendants on a non-exclusive basis for a period of 14 years, that the plaintiff would release the process to other parties on a higher royalty of Rs. 60/- per tone and that the plaintiff would share the extra royalties received from other licensees with defendants on 50:50 basis. Along with this letter dated 13th October, 1972, the plaintiff wrote a detailed note was also sent to the defendants. On 12th December, 1972, the plaintiff wrote another letter to the defendants that the process for the preparation and application of TSI Anodes for Chlorlkali Cells a had been developed at CECRI and that a committee has been constituted to study the proposal with regard to its implementation. Suggestions were made to the defendants that the total funds required for carrying out the developmental work for five years was approximately about Rs. 35 lacs and if the defendants were agreeable to take part in the developmental work the terms and conditions would be negotiated and the outcome would be put before the Board to the plaintiff.

9. On 8th December, 1973 there was discussion between the officers of the plaintiff and Dr. R.K. Gupta of the defendants. Dr. Gupta wanted to know the terms and conditions on which the know-how of fabrication coating and use of TSI Anodes developed at CECRI can be made available to them. By letter dated 13th December, 1973, the plaintiff wrote to the defendants, terms on which the know-how on fabrication, coating and use of TSI Anodes developed at CECRI can be made available. The plaintiff quoted a lump sum premium of Rs. 7.5 lacs and recurring royalty at Rs. 25/- per tone of caustic soda produced for a period of ten years on the basis of non-exclusive licence. Dr. R.K. Gupta in his letter dated 24th December, 1973 wrote to the plaintiff that the figure of Rs. 25/- per M. Ton of Caustic Soda produced as the recurring royalty was on the higher side. No objection was however taken on the lump sum premium of Rs. 7.5 lacs. The other objection raised was of having an exclusive licensing arrangement instead of non-exclusive licence.

10. On 13th March, 1973 `CECRI wrote a letter to the defendants enclosing a draft agreement for finalising the terms with regard to the grant of licence to them. This is a document filed by the defendants. If the defendants were in the knowledge of the know-how of the patent what was the necessity for them to enter into or invite the proposal to enter into an agreement. The supply of TSI Anodes under the patent, the design of Anode structure were to be made available by the plaintiff to the defendants. In the proposed agreement it was stated that the Metal Anodes, viz. TSIA was proved and used for Chloralkali production in India for the first time based on the know-how developed by CECRI. It was also a term of the proposed agreement that the demonstration cell using such anodes was put up in the premises of the defendants in order to satisfy them about the performance of the same in a commercial cell. On the implementation of the process recurring royalty at Rs. 10/- per tonne of caustic soda was payable to CECRI. These terms in the proposed agreement sent by the CECRI in March, 1975 to the defendants and now filed by the defendants on record of this case conclusively prove that the defendants admit the validity of the plaintiffs patent and they are stopped from denying the patents validity.

11. The defendants in August 1975 appreciated and acknowledged the invention of CECRI, a unit of CSIR in an article by Dr. R.K. Gupta, of the defendants published in "Chemical Concepts" of August 1975 on pages 17 to 29. In this article it was admitted that CECRI have made substantial progress with the development of coating techniques for metal anodes, which they call TSIA, that the research or the invention in question is of CECRI but in the present suit the defendants claim revocation of the patent on the ground that it is not an invention.

12. Counsel for the defendants has brought to my notice the copies of letters dated 30th December, 1971 and 8th January, 1972 from them to the Director, CECRI. These letters do not indicate the mode of manufacture or any process for the manufacture of the Anode in question or Anode structure. Similarly letters dated 21st April, 1972 and 23rd June, 1972 from the defendants to CECRI, do not refer to the process for the manufacture of the TSI Anode in question.

13. From the correspondence and other material on record, it appears that the defendants wanted a licence and they admitted the validity of the process which has been patented. If the defendants were aware of know-how already, why they were negotiating with the plaintiff of a licence. The patent in question is more than six years old and under Section 48 of the Patent Act the patentee has the exclusive right by himself, his agents, or licences to use the process. The patent relates to the process of manufacturing Anode, which is also used for the manufacture of Caustic soda. Prima facie the patent in question is not invalid. If the defendants are not injuncted they would violate the patent and this would become a precedent for others to violate the patent. The balance of convenience would therefore be to injunct the defendants. The plaintiff has made inventions and therefore if the patent is allowed to be violated by defendants the plaintiff is likely to suffer injury.

14. I am of the opinion that it is a fit case to restrain the defendants from infringing the plaintiffs patent I, therefore, confirm the ex parte injunction dated 13th June, 1979 and restrain the defendants from infringing the plaintiffs Patent No. 138571 dated 26th November, 1973 pertaining to `TITANIUM SUBSTRATE INSOLUBLE ANODE ASSEMBLY FOR DIAPHRAGM TYPE CHLORALKALI CELLS" till the decision of the suit. The plaintiffs application (I.A. No. 1915 of 1979) is, therefore, allowed. The application (I.A. No. 1953 of 1979) of the defendants for vacation of the stay is dismissed. The defendants shall pay costs of these proceedings to the plaintiff. Counsel fee Rs. 300/-