George Lowndes, J.

1. The property in dispute in this appeal is a house in Agra said to be worth Rs. 20,000. It has provided the parties with litigation for over forty years. It originally belonged to one Joti Pershad. On 27th January 1864, he executed a deed by which he purported to give it to his wife, Bibi Mukandi, but it is said that the gift was not perfected by possession. Joti Pershad died in 1870, and his two sons Bisharnber Nath and Amar Nath succeeded to his property. If the house had been effectively transferred to Mukandi the sons clearly took no interest in it; but when they came to a partition in 1881 it was allotted to Amar Nath who lived in it till his death in 1884. Thereafter his widow, Hira Dei, continued to live in it till her death in April 1907 when,if it was the property of Amar Nath, it devolved on his daughter, the appellant, Munni Bibi.

2. Mukandi died in 1891 and if the deed of gift was effective the bouse then passed as her stridhan to her two daughters. Eatan Dei and Kashi Dei. Eatan died in 1894 childless, and Kashi in 1912; and assuming the title to have been with Mukandi, the house would now be the property of the first three respondents, who are descendants of Kashi. It is between these conflicting claims that their Lordships are called upon to decide. On the death of Hira, the, widow of Amar Nath, the house was taken possession of by Gocal Nath, the son of Kashi, in the absence of the appellant, who was, living with her husband in Patna, and. she now sues for possession. The respondents case is that the house was from the date of the deed of gift Mukandia property, and that the occupation by Amar Nath and Hira was merely permissive. Mukandi was not a, party to the partition of 1881, but, under an award, of arbitrators by which it was effected, certain benefits were conferred upon her in the shape of a monthly allowance of Rs. 250 and the transfer of another house at Muttra. Certain villages were also allotted to her daughters Eatan and Hira. The appellant contends that Mukandi had lull knowledge of the-award, and accepted the provision so made for her and her daughters, and that she should therefore be taken to have acquiesced in the allotment of the Agra, house to Amar Nath.

3. Whether this was what really happened or not is, of course, in dispute bub both Amar Nath and Hira seem to have regarded themselves as the owners of the house. They mortgaged it on various: occasions, but when the mortgagees at-tempted to enforce their security they were met by claims based on the deed of gift.

4. At Amar Naths death in 1884 his property, which appears to have been considerable, was heavily encumbered and, it seemed likely that everything would, be swallowed up by his creditors. A. suit had been instituted against him in. 1883 upon a mortgage which included the Agra house. This mortgage was attested, by the husband and eldest son of Kashi,. who also identified the mortgagors before the Eegistrar, and it is accordingly-suggested that they could not have been, ignorant of the transaction. On Amar Naths death the suit was continued, against Hira and, in June 1889, a decree . for sale was passed. In March 1890,. Mukandi intervened, claiming the housei under the deed of gift, and her objection-was allowed, but Hira still remained in. occupation; the mortgage decree was apparently satisfied out of other assets.

5. Between 1885 and 1893 number of mortgages were executed by Hira in which the house was included. In November 1893, when it was evident that the situation was becoming critical, Ratan, the eldest daughter of Mukandi. who was then dead, instituted a suit against Hira and some of her mortgagees claiming possession of the house and (in effect) a declaration that it was not affected by the mortgages. Kashi was at first made a defendant, on the allegation that she had refused to join in suit, but on Eatans death, pending the trial, she was substituted as plaintiff. Hira put in a written statement setting up her title as Amar Naths widow, but at the hearing gave evidence in favour of Kashi Dei, and no reference was made to the award or to Mukandis acquiescence. The result was that a decree was made in favour of the plaintiff.

6. Satisfied apparently with this assertion of her rights, Kashi left Hira in occupation as before, and in subsequent legal proceedings it was (not unnaturally, perhaps) suggested that this suit was collusive, and a mere device to save the house from the creditors of Amar Nath and Hira. In October 1896, Kashi, by deed, dedicated the house to the god Shri Joti Nath Mahadeo, and appointed Kanno Dei, the wife of her brother Bisham Dei Nath, mutwalli of it, but still no change was made in Hiras occupation, which continued, uninterruptedly, for another ten years.

7. In 1908, shortly after the death of Hira, one Narayau Singh, as the assignee of an old but apparently good decree against Amar Nath, attached the house in execution. Kanno, as mutwalli under the deed of 1896, objected to the attachment, and her objection was allowed. Thereupon Narayan Singh instituted a Suit No. 337 of 1909, praying for a declaration of his right to attach and sell the house in execution of his decree. He joined as defendants Kanno and Kashi, and the present appellant Munni. His suit was dismissed in the first Court, but decreed on appeal, and his right to realize his decree by sale of the house was affirmed. The decree of the appeal Court was dated 18th January 1912, By this time Kanno was dead, and Kashi seems to have died shortly afterwards. Thereupon her son, Gocal Nath, who would, if the house had been the property of Mukandi, have succeeded to it on Kashis death, paid off Narayan Singhs decree and retained possession of the house. Munnis suit was instituted on 11th March 1919, shortly before the expiry of the 12 years period of limitation, and it comes before the Board after a further lapse of 11 years.

8. Having regard to the tangle of decisions referred to above, it is only to be expected that the plea of res judicata should find a prominent place in the story. In the 1909 suit it was put forward by the defendant Kashi, relying on the decision of 1893, but was decided against her with the result already stated. The same plea is put forward by the respondents in the present case The appellant, on the other hand, contends that the decision in the 1909 suit is conclusive against the respondents.

9. The suit out of which the present appeal arises was first tried by the Subordinate Judge of Agra. He delivered his judgment on 12th March 1920, and decreed the suit in the appellants favour. He held that the question of title between Kashi and the appellant was res judicata by reason of the decision in the 1909 suit, and that it having been obtained "upon fair trial and after full contest," the respondents were bound. This decree was apparently set aside by the High Court and the suit ordered to be retried de novo, though the record before their Lordships does not disclose the reasons. On the retrial the contrary view was taken on the question of res judicata, but the same ultimate result was arrived at by the new Subordinate Judge on the question of title, and the appellant again succeeded. The respondents appealed, and the learned Judges of the High Court, while agreeing with the retrial judgment as to res judicata, came to a different conclusion as to title, holding that the deed of gift of 1861 was effective, and that the house was the property of the respondents.

10. The ratio decidendi of the two later pronouncements on the question of res judicata was that there had been in the 1909 suit no trial of the question of title as between Kashi and the present appellant, who were ranged as codefendants. Before their Lordships the appellant con-" tends that these decisions were wrong, and that the true view was that taken in the first judgment of 12th March 1920. It is, their Lordships think,, clear that if this contention is correct, it is decisive of the present appeal, and they will now proceed to its consideration.

11. The doctrine of res judicata finds a place in Section 11, Civil P.O., 1908, but it has been held by this Board on many occasions that the statement of it there is not exhaustive ; the latest recognition of this is to be found in Kalipada De v. Divijapada Das A.I.R. 1930 P.C. 22. For the general principles upon which the doctrine should be applied it is legitimate to refer to decisions in this country : see Soorjamonee Dayee v. Suddanund Mohapatter I.A. Sup. Vol. 212, Krishna Behari Boy v. Banwari Lai Boy (1874) 1 Cal 144, Baja Bun Bahadur Singh v. Mt. Laohoo Koer (1885) 11 Cal 31. That there may be res judicata as between codefendants has been recognized by the English Courts and by a long course of Indian decisions. (The conditions under which this branch of the doctrine should be applied are thus stated by Wigram V.C., in Gottingham v. Earl of Shretusbury (1843) 3 Hare 627 at 638:



If a plaintiff cannot get at his right without trying and deciding a case between codefendants, the Court will try and decide that case, and the codefendants will be bound, but if the relief given to the plaintiff does not require or involve a decision of any case between codefendants, the co-defendants will not be bound as between each other by any -proceeding which may be necessary only to the decree the plaintiff obtains.

12. This statement of the law has been accepted and followed in many Indian cases : see Ahmad All v. Najabat Khan (1895) 18 All 65, Ramchandra Narayan v. Narayan Mahadev (1887) 11 Bom 216, Magniram v. Mehdi Hossein Khan (1904) 31 Cal. 95. It is, in their Lordships opinion, in accord with the provisions of Section 11, Civil P. C, and they adopt it as the correct criterion in cases where it is sought to apply the rule of res judicata as between codefendants. In such a case therefore three conditions are requisite : (1) There must be a conflict of interest between the defendants concerned ; (2) it must be necessary to decide this conflict in order to give the plaintiff the relief he claims ; and (3) the question between the defendants must have been finally decided.

13. Their Lordships are of opinion that these conditions are established in the present case. There was clearly a conflict of interests between the appellant as the daughter and heir of Amar Nath, and Kashi, as the heir of Mukandi. It was only if the house belonged to. Amar Nath that the plaintiffs suit could succeed ; if it belonged to Mukandi he must fail. It was therefore necessary to decide between the conflicting claims of the defendants. The principal issue for decision in the 1909 suit was framed in. the following terms:



4. Was Babu Amar Nath owner of the disputed house Is the bouse liable to be sold in-execution of [the plaintiffs decree]

14. This issue was found against the plain-tiff by the trial Judge, and " as the. result " of this finding his suit was dismissed. It was decided in his favour by the High Court, and his suit was decreed. It is not suggested for the respondents that this determination was not final.

15. It is true that the appellant did not enter an appearance in the suit, and it is J also said that she was not a necessary party to it; but their Lordships do not; regard either of these factors as really material. The appellant was at all events a proper party to the suit and had the right to be heard if she so desired. If she chose to stand by and let the plaintiff fight her battle, it could not affect j her legal position. The test of mutuality I is often a convenient one m questions of res judicata. If the decision had gone the other way the appellant could hardly have claimed that because she did not choose to appear she was not bound by it, and so have compelled Kashi to litigate the matter over again ; and if the appellant would have been bound, so. must Kashi be. There is however evidence on the record of the present suit, emanating from one of the principal witnesses for the respondents that the appellant did, in fact, support the plaintiff in the 1909 suit.

16. Their Lordships must therefore hold that the title to the house as between the appellant and Kashi is res judicata in the present suit by reason of the 1909 decision. This must equally bind the respondents unless it is established that it was procured by fraud or collusion:



Where the estate of a deceased Hindu has vested in a female heir a decree fairly and proporly obtained against her in regard to the lostate is in the absence of fraud or collusion, jbmding on the reversionary heir : Vaithiaiinga Mudaliar v. Srirangath Anni A.I.R. 1925 P.C. 249.

17. There is no suggestion in the present case that the 1909 suit was not fully fought by Kashi, nor is any allegation of fraud or collusion made against her in connexion with her defence. Their Lordships therefore agree with the first Sub-ordinate Judge that the decree passed by the High Court in Suit 337 of 1909 binds the respondents, and is conclusive of the appellants title as against them to the house in dispute.

18. Their Lordships greatly regret that the conclusion to which they have come will not end the litigation between the parties. In their written statement the respondents claimed that the appellant could cot in any event be entitled to recover possession of the disputed house without repaying to them a sum put at the figure of Rs. 7,200 and interest, which they alleged Gopal Nath had paid to free the property from Narayan Singhs decree, and the twelfth issue raised at the hearing was directed to this defence. Both the Subordinate Judges by whom the suit was tried held that this was a gratuitous payment, and refused the claim. The question was however raised again by the thirteenth ground of their memorandum of appeal, but was not dealt with by the learned Judges of the High Court, no doubt because, in the view they took upon the main issues in the case, this question did not arise.

19. It has been agreed before their Lordships that the necessary materials for the decision of this one outstanding point are not before them, and that if it should become material to deal with it the case must go back to the High Court. This contingency now arises, and their Lordships have no choice but to remit the appeal to the High Court for consideration of this issue upon such materials as are availale.

20. For the reasons given their Lordships are of opinion that this appeal should be allowed, that the decree of the High Court should be set aside, that it should be declared that the appellants title to the Agra house, the subject of the suit, is established, but without, prejudice to such claim, if any, as the respondents may have by reason of the alleged payment by Gocal Nath Narayan Singh in satisfaction of his claim against Amar Naths estate, and that this appeal should be remitted to the High Court for their decision upon the twelfth issue and the, thirteenth ground of appeal ; and their Lordships will humbly advise His Majesty accordingly. The defendants-respondents will pay the costs of the appeal to the High Court and before this Board. The order for costs made on the retrial by the Subordinate Judge dated 8th February 1922, will stand, subject to any variation that may be thought necessary by the High Court consequent upon the decision of the issue remitted to it. Any further costs incurred in India will be dealt with by the High Court.